The flint hills of kansas

The minerals deposited may vary, but in Kansas most geodes consist mostly of quartz, chalcedony, and calcite. They can be found in many places in the Flint Hills region: near the town of Rock, along the Walnut River in Cowley County; north of the town of Douglass in Butler County; and in Riley, Marshall, and Chase counties. Kimberlites.

The flint hills of kansas. Zillow has 31 homes for sale in 67002 matching Flint Hills National. View listing photos, review sales history, and use our detailed real estate filters to find the perfect place. ... 1033 E Flint Hills National Pkwy, Andover, KS 67002. FLINT HILLS REALTY CO LLC, Brad Minear. Listing provided by SCKMLS. $225,000. 1 acres lot - Lot / Land for ...

Oct 3, 2020 · Flint Hills Trail. This crown jewel of Kansas trails extends 118 miles from Osawatomie to Herington. It is the eighth-longest rail-trail in the U.S. and the longest trail in Kansas. It follows the general route of the Santa Fe National Historic Trail and is a component of the coast-to-coast American Discovery Trail.

Zillow has 31 homes for sale in 67002 matching Flint Hills National. View listing photos, review sales history, and use our detailed real estate filters to find the perfect place. ... 1033 E Flint Hills National Pkwy, Andover, KS 67002. FLINT HILLS REALTY CO LLC, Brad Minear. Listing provided by SCKMLS. $225,000. 1 acres lot - Lot / Land for ...Kansas Flint Hills Smoke Management. 1000 SW Jackson. Suite 310. Topeka, KS 66612-1366. (785) 296-1551.Flint Hills Trail. Watch on. This crown jewel of Kansas trails extends 118 miles from Osawatomie to Herington. It is the eighth-longest rail-trail in the U.S. and the longest trail in Kansas. It follows the general route of the Santa Fe National Historic Trail and is a component of the coast-to-coast American Discovery Trail.An avid rancher, he is active in the direction of personal and family interests, including holdings in Texas and the Flint Hills of Kansas, where the focus is on the sustainable management of the tallgrass prairie ecosystem using controlled burning and seasonal cattle grazing as rangeland management tools. Log in.The Kansas Flint Hills Scenic Byway. The Kansas Flint Hills National Scenic Byway is everything you would envision a Kansas backroad to be, with its endless grasslands, limestone bluffs, and cerulean skies. Occupying a 47-mile stretch of Kansas state highway K-177 between Cassoday and Council Grove, this two-lane paved road is bordered by ...

Enjoy this historic Kansas bed and breakfast, vacation rentals and wedding venue. Modern comforts surrounded by 3900 acres of scenic Flint Hills ranch land.Kansas is home to having some of the best grazing lands in the Midwest, including the famous Flint Hills region. Kansas is the perfect location for your ranch to sustain your cattle and livestock water and nutrient needs. About Kansas View All Kansas Properties27 sept. 2016 ... Next stop is WIBW-TV, ...Explore the Flint Hills' wealth of accommodations - there's a place to fit every preference and budget. ... Kansas Tourism (785) 296-2009. Kansas! Magazine Kansas ...Kansas maintains one of the strongest quail populations in the country and, given our abundant access, harvest will again be among the highest in the country. The best opportunities will be in the central regions of the state into the Flint Hills, with quality hunting opportunity scattered throughout the remaining regions.The Smoky Hills region in north-central Kansas encompasses a range of hills composed largely of sandstone, a second composed largely of limestone, and a third composed largely of chalk. Although visibly different, they are unified by age—all were formed from sediment deposited during the Cretaceous Period, which lasted from 145 to 66 million ...The Flying H Ranch, located in the Flint Hills of northeastern Butler County near Cassoday, is owned by Jim and Cathy Hoy. The origins of our ranch go back to 1877 when William and Mary Ann Davison Hoy left Ohio and bought 80 acres in Section 15/Township 23/Range 7, which lies on the Walnut River one mile west of present-day Cassoday.

Cryptids of Kansas. Beautiful art by Creative Fiddler - Wendigo. Cryptids of Kansas – The Windigo, The Deer Lady, and Other Native American Legends: The Windigo. When people think about the Windigo, also spelled Wendigo, it is generally in the context of the northern States and Canada, but the Native tribes in Kansas also believed in a ...ST. MARYS · St. Marys 785-437-2271 905 E. Bertrand Avenue PO Box 188 St. Marys, KS 66536 Ranch Stays & Dude Ranches in Kansas. Leave the city for a few nights by staying at a working Kansas farm or ranch. Find relaxing and comfortable lodging after a long day of picking grapes at one of our wineries. Search for barns that come with beautiful views of a Kansas sunset. No matter what you are looking for, it is safe to say Kansas ...The Flint Hills of Kansas are one of the most distinctive geological regions of the world. Home to some of our planet’s only surviving tallgrass prairies on gently rolling hills, the Flint Hills provide unique outdoor vistas and breathtaking experiences. The Greater Manhattan Region is the hub of the Flint Hills and the natural home base for ...

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There's a lot more than tall grass to discover in this 11,000-acre preserve in the Flint Hills region of Kansas. The prairie is home to over 400 different species of wildflowers and 70 different species of grasses. One of the most diverse ecosystems in the world, the preserve also contains large grazing animals, insects, amphibians, reptiles ...For more general information, contact: The Kansas Wildlife and Parks Dept, 512 SE 25th Avenue, Pratt, KS 67124-8174 (Tel. 620-672-5911) or the Region Four office, which includes Council Grove and much of the central and southern Flint Hills. It’s at 6232 E.29th St. North Wichita, KS 67220 (Tel. 316-683-8069).The Flint Hills are characterized by thin soils, limestone outcrops, vegetation-covered shale intervals between the limestones, deeply incised valleys, and dissected topography. Many of the limestones contain nodules and layers of flint, a type chert. Flint is a hard, dense rock that resists erosion.We design, build, host, and support websites for small businesses and non-profits. Flint Hills Web Design is located in North Newton, Kansas and is part of ...

Kansas maintains one of the strongest quail populations in the country and, given our abundant access, harvest will again be among the highest in the country. The best opportunities will be in the central regions of the state into the Flint Hills, with quality hunting opportunity scattered throughout the remaining regions.The Flint Hills Scenic Byway goes from Council Grove to Cassoday, Kansas on highway 177. As traveling down the highway tune into 1680 AM radio to hear the ...The Flint Hills are perhaps the most well-known geologic areas in Kansas. Stretching from Marshall County in the north, to Cowley County in the south, this region is made of a series of gently sloping hills. The Flint Hills …Mar 15, 2023 · The Kansas Flint Hills Scenic Byway. The Kansas Flint Hills National Scenic Byway is everything you would envision a Kansas backroad to be, with its endless grasslands, limestone bluffs, and cerulean skies. Occupying a 47-mile stretch of Kansas state highway K-177 between Cassoday and Council Grove, this two-lane paved road is bordered by ... Located on the historic Rogler Ranch just north of Matfield Green, the Pioneer Bluffs Center for Flint Hills Ranching Heritage invites ranchers, locals, ... Flint Hills Ranching Heritage. 695 Kansas Highway 177 Matfield Green, KS 66862. 620 …Situated in the scenic Flint Hills, Tuttle Creek Lake provides 12,500 surface acres of water and 100 miles of shoreline, making it the second-largest lake in Kansas. The property is also conveniently located near Fancy Creek State Park, about a five-minute drive away. In total, six parks around the 11,000-acre Tuttle Creek Lake provide ...2UW Brush Creek Ranch, overflowing with western comfort and hospitality, is nestled in the Flint Hills of Kansas. This gated ranch is an exclusive, private equestrian facility that provides elite training, lessons, and ranch living apartments. MANHATTAN, Kan. (WIBW) - The Flint Hills Discovery Center Foundation held its Bison, Beef, and Bourbon event this evening at the Stanley Stout Center. The 4th …Jun 27, 2018 · 315 S 3rd St, Manhattan, KS 66502. +1 785-587-2726. The Flint Hills Discovery Center is an interactive museum that allows people to explore over 10,000 feet of exhibits and prairie-inspired outdoors plazas. It explores the geology, ecology, and cultural history of the Flint Hills. The Flint Hills Discovery Center is a 35,000 square foot science and culture museum in downtown Manhattan, Kansas that immerses guests of all ages in the beauty and wonder of the flint hills. ... Manhattan, KS 66502. 785-587-2726 Email Our Staff About Us. Hours. Mon I Closed Tues - Sat | 10 AM - 5 PM; Sun | 12 PM - 5 PM; Admission. Adult (18-64 ...

Source: TommyBrison / shutterstock Flint Hills, Kansas The Flint Hills is one of the world’s largest areas of tallgrass prairie, spanning 4,000,000 acres. Conservation programmes mean that parts of the prairie remain completely wild, featuring untouched rolling landscapes, fields of wildflowers, and a rich habitat for bison, birds and other ...

Since the Flint Hills are located mostly west of Emporia and extend to the north and south, Emporia is a great location to start your next jeeping adventure. We have created five jeeping routes for you to explore the Flint Hills around Emporia. The routes are named by color so that one can easily distinguish them on the Printable Route Map.Experiencing the Flint Hills during the months of prescribed burning should be on everyone’s bucket list. Prescribed burning, also known as a controlled burn, is intentional in the Flint Hills. This method of preservation is used to restore prairie lands to rejuvenate growth and ensure long-term survival. If you ever get the opportunity to witness a prescribed burn, be aware the experience ...The Flint Hills are perhaps the most well-known geologic areas in Kansas. Stretching from Marshall County in the north, to Cowley County in the south, this region is made of a series of gently sloping hills. The Flint Hills area has the most dense intact tallgrass prairie in North America. Created during the Permian Period, the flint or ... The Flint Hills, 35 towns across the state, features two-lane roads twisting and turning through beautiful, breathtaking Kansas scenery! In some areas, the tall …The Flint Hills developed on the north–south exposure of Permian cherty limestones. The region extends from Marshall County in the north, ... The Red Hills cover a section of southern Kansas in Clark, Comanche, and Barber counties along the Oklahoma border.Kansas State University 116 Ackert Hall Manhattan, KS 66506-­0112. 785-587-0441 785-539-7845 fax ... KPBS is located in the Flint Hills of northeastern Kansas (39°05’ N, 96°35’ W), a grassland region of rolling hills overlain by shallow limestone soils unsuitable for cultivation.May 24, 2020 · Here’s a series of beautiful images that capture all sorts of views these hills offer. Come take a look! The Flint Hills is Kansas's most beautiful and expansive natural landmark, starting seemingly out of nowhere and extending far past what you can see with the naked eye. Nevin Godfrey/Flickr. Commonly known as flint, chert is found in many Kansas limestones as nodules or continuous beds. It is a sedimentary rock composed of microscopic crystals of quartz (silica, SiO 2 ). It is opaque and ranges in color from white to dull gray or brown to black.

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The Spur Ranch is an excellent working ranch on the southeastern edge of the Kansas Flint Hills. Comprised of 4,936 acres of native tallgrass prairie in two tracts approximately five miles apart, this ranch is a combination cow/calf and stocker cattle outfit that is in very good operating condition. The Flint Hills National Scenic Byway, Kansas Route 177, runs north-south from Council Grove down to Cassoday. It is an astonishment. Don’t hurry. You’ll find yourself pulling over more than ... Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve is a United States National Preserve located in the Flint Hills region of Kansas, north of Strong City. The preserve protects a nationally significant example of the once vast tallgrass prairie ecosystem. Of the 400,000 square miles (1,000,000 km 2) of tallgrass prairie that once covered the North American ... The Flint Hills Tourism Coalition is an alliance of tourism and hospitality partners from various industries in the 22 counties of the Flint Hills, along with support from the Kansas Tourism. Since its inception, the Flint Hills Tourism Coalition has, among many accomplishments: Implemented a Flint Hills branding strategy, created a Flint Hills ... Since the Flint Hills are located mostly west of Emporia and extend to the north and south, Emporia is a great location to start your next jeeping adventure. We have created five jeeping routes for you to explore the Flint Hills around Emporia. The routes are named by color so that one can easily distinguish them on the Printable Route Map.By Greg Henderson June 18, 2021. Pasture lease rates in the Flint Hills of Kansas were reported 2% to 3% higher in 2021 compared to 2019, according to the Kansas Department of Agriculture. The average lease rate for a 600-pound steer grazing a full summer season in 2021 was $144.80 per head with care, compared to $139.60 per head …At Flint Hills Job Corps, students can ... Engage Find a supportive community to lean on. CAMPUS LIFE LEARN Earn your high school diploma or equivalent and gain skills to be successful in a career. ... Manhattan, KS 66503. Contact Us 800-733-JOBS . 800-733-5627 . 877-889-5627 TTY . Contact Us. 800-733-JOBS . 800-733-5627 . 877-889-5627 TTY ...The Flint Hills is Kansas's most beautiful and expansive natural landmark, starting seemingly out of nowhere and extending far past what you can see with the naked eye. Nevin Godfrey/Flickr According to what we can find, it's the most dense area of intact tallgrass prairie in North America. Vincent Parsons/Flickr Advertisement8 Wonders of Kansas | Kansas Sampler Foundation. [email protected]; 620.585.2374; Home; Who We Are. ... Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve & the Flint Hills, ... The Gyp Hills Scenic Drive is a finalist for the 8 Wonders of Kansas because of the stunning red-colored butte ...MANHATTAN, Kan. (WIBW) - The Flint Hills Discovery Center Foundation held its Bison, Beef, and Bourbon event this evening at the Stanley Stout Center. The 4th annual fundraiser supports the ... ….

The Flint Hills Trail was the Rails-to-Trails Conservancy’s “Trail of the Month” in March 2010. ... Nestled in beautiful northeast Kansas near the Flint Hills region, Salt Creek Ranch specializes in trail rides and beginning and intermediate horsemanship lessons. Enjoy guided trail rides through open pastures sporting Wildflowers and ...The Smoky Hills are an upland region of hills in the central Great Plains of North America. They are located in the Midwestern United States, encompassing north-central Kansas and a small portion of south-central Nebraska.. The hills are a dissected plain covered by tallgrass and mixed-grass prairie.The Smoky Hills were formed by erosion of …The 117-mile rail-trail across Kansas from the Marais des Cygnes river valley near Osawatomie to the heart of the Flint Hills is the new Flint Hills Trail, State Park. It is the state’s second linear state park and intersects with its first, the Prairie Spirit Trail State Park in Ottawa. Some 96 miles of the trail are now open for non ...Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks & Tourism 1020 S Kansas Avenue, Ste 200 Topeka, KS 66612 (800) 684-6966 Kansas Byways. 3. Flint Hills National Scenic Byway.Published 7:10 AM PDT, June 19, 2020. BELLE PLAINE, Kan. (AP) — More than a century after the arrival of the railroads to the Flint Hills of Kansas, a large-scale track expansion is tearing up a scenic stretch in some of the last remaining tallgrass prairie left in the nation. The multiyear project by BNSF Railway to build a second main line ...The Flint Hills, which span from northern Kansas into Oklahoma, are a tallgrass prairie ecosystem forged by fire. Native Americans routinely burned prairie to entice bison, who were attracted to the fresh grass sprouting up from scorched hills. Mother Nature also set fires through lightning strikes and wildfires.Renewable energy projects are not ‘green’ if they are sited in a place that has bad impacts on wildlife,” he told the Nature Conservancy’s Lynn Scarlett in a recently published interview. Loveless added that he opposes “putting large, industrial development in Kansas’s iconic places, like the Flint Hills, the Red Hills, and Smoky ...Explore the Flint Hills' wealth of accommodations - there's a place to fit every preference and budget. Things To Do. ... Kansas Tourism (785) 296-2009. Kansas!Flint Hills Ranching to Save the Tallgrass Prairie. The Flint Hills Legacy Conservation Area is the first under the America's Great Outdoors program. The tallgrass prairie of eastern Kansas, known as the Flint Hills, is vast, breathtakingly wild, and ecologically rich. This four-million-acre landscape comprises nearly 80 percent of what's ...Kansas City native Philip Heying has been fascinated by the Flint Hills since he was a child. That's why, in 2019, he moved to Matfield Green, a tiny Kansas town in the heart of the Flint Hills ... The flint hills of kansas, Most of the drivers seemed to be Amish or Mennonite – Yoder, to the west of the Flint Hills, is one of the largest Amish communities in Kansas. Covered wagon rides on the prairie before Symphony in the Flint Hills in Kansas. The Symphony program began at 6:45 p.m., and while I didn’t stake out a seat close to the band shell, it didn’t ..., Adding a level of difficulty to this Flint Hills pasture burn is the pasture's proximity adjacent to Interstate 70. As we move south toward U.S. Interstate 70 (on which nearly 20,000 vehicles pass each day, according to the Kansas Department of Transportation) – care is taken to keep the highway clear of smoke., The Flint Hills is a unique tallgrass prairie ecosystem found in central North America centered on Kansas and northern Oklahoma (where they are known as the Osage Hills). It is a tallgrass prairie, a type of temperate …, The Flint Hills represent an interesting space in our world. Kansas and the many surrounding states are considered “fly over county,” which although intended as a slight, the concept has become a point of pride for those looking to wander through a less modern world and immerse themselves in an exposed wilderness., Jun 14, 2023 · The Flint Hills, which span from northern Kansas into Oklahoma, are a tallgrass prairie ecosystem forged by fire. Native Americans routinely burned prairie to entice bison, who were attracted to the fresh grass sprouting up from scorched hills. Mother Nature also set fires through lightning strikes and wildfires. , Signature Event. The Signature Event is an annual gathering on the prairie celebrating music, art, and the ecology of the Flint Hills. The 2024 event will take place on the Evans Family Red Ranch in Greenwood County, Kansas, on June 8. Photo by Kevin Brown., Flint Hills Scenic Byway Lodging, Hotels, & Places to stay. Make your byways exploration an overnighter! The Flint Hills Scenic Byway has plenty of places to stay, including nearby vacation rentals, B&Bs, hotels, cottages, and campsites. It's so hard to choose! You'll find some of Kansas's most charming lodging options along this scenic route., Located on the historic Rogler Ranch just north of Matfield Green, the Pioneer Bluffs Center for Flint Hills Ranching Heritage invites ranchers, locals, ... Flint Hills Ranching Heritage. 695 Kansas Highway 177 Matfield Green, KS 66862. 620 …, At Flint Hills Job Corps, students can ... Engage Find a supportive community to lean on. CAMPUS LIFE LEARN Earn your high school diploma or equivalent and gain skills to be successful in a career. ... Manhattan, KS 66503. Contact Us 800-733-JOBS . 800-733-5627 . 877-889-5627 TTY . Contact Us. 800-733-JOBS . 800-733-5627 . 877-889-5627 TTY ..., The Flint Hills Nature Trail stretches across east-central Kansas, from Osawatomie in the east to Herington in the west, and passes through communities including Rantoul, Ottawa, Pomona, Vassar, Osage City, Miller, Admire, Allen, Bushong, and Council Grove. The trail passes through five counties: Miami, Franklin, Osage, Lyon, and Morris. As its name suggests, the trail crosses the beautiful ... , Scenic, rugged, and beautiful rock, gravel and dirt road bikepacking adventures in Kansas. Your travels will take you along the geological spine of the ..., 18 sept. 2019 ... -by Greg Hoots- Cleo Schultz was born and raised in the Volland, Kansas community, and he spent his adult life ranching in Wabaunsee County., Bank of the Flint Hills. Login. Choose a service. username Login . Sign up for online banking. Helping Our Community 5,235 HRS Hours our employees have volunteered in 2021 to help local charities. $ 22,560 What our employees donated throughout 2021 to the communities we serve. HELPING OUR COMMUNITY. 5,235 HRS Hours our employees …, Only about 4% of tallgrass prairie remains, and two-thirds of that lies in the Flint Hills of eastern Kansas and Oklahoma (where the same formation is called the Osage Hills). The Flint Hills was saved by its thin, cherty soil. Nearly impossible to plow except in the fertile bottomlands, it was given to grazing, which perpetuated the native grass., Public Auction: "Kansas Flint Hills Hunting and Pasture Auction" by Schrader Real Estate & Auction Company. Auction will be held on Tue Nov 28 @ 06:00PM at Cox Building, …, Working together to foster land stewardship through conservation, arts, and community programming., Feb 4, 2020 · The Flint Hills, 35 towns across the state, features two-lane roads twisting and turning through beautiful, breathtaking Kansas scenery! In some areas, the tall grasses are waist high, and in others, five to six feet tall. It is hard to imagine that the landscape has not changed much in thousands of years. , Our Field Journal, now in its 11th Edition, is a Flint Hills resource whose articles on topics from night skies to prairie chickens have been downloaded by thousands of researchers worldwide. Browse past editions or search our online database at New Prairie Press. Or buy hard copies at our Flint Hills Store. Experience open range music and fun ..., The Flint Hills are characterized by thin soils, limestone outcrops, vegetation-covered shale intervals between the limestones, deeply incised valleys, and dissected …, Chert. Commonly known as flint, chert is found in many Kansas limestones as nodules or continuous beds. It is a sedimentary rock composed of microscopic crystals of quartz …, Home of the Flint Hills is an assisted living community based in St. George, KS. Our spacious home is located at the Northwest Corner of Highway 24 and Flush Road. Since opening our doors 2018, we have provided our residents with personalized services and compassionate care in a safe, welcoming, and home-like environment., Experiencing the Flint Hills during the months of prescribed burning should be on everyone’s bucket list. Prescribed burning, also known as a controlled burn, is intentional in the Flint Hills. This method of preservation is used to restore prairie lands to rejuvenate growth and ensure long-term survival. If you ever get the opportunity to …, Experiencing the Flint Hills during the months of prescribed burning should be on everyone’s bucket list. Prescribed burning, also known as a controlled burn, is intentional in the Flint Hills. This method of preservation is used to restore prairie lands to rejuvenate growth and ensure long-term survival. If you ever get the opportunity to …, The Flint Hills Nature Trail stretches across east-central Kansas, from Osawatomie in the east to Herington in the west, and passes through communities including Rantoul, Ottawa, Pomona, Vassar, Osage City, Miller, Admire, Allen, Bushong, and Council Grove. The trail passes through five counties: Miami, Franklin, Osage, Lyon, and Morris. As its name suggests, the trail crosses the beautiful ..., Mar 15, 2023 · The Kansas Flint Hills Scenic Byway. The Kansas Flint Hills National Scenic Byway is everything you would envision a Kansas backroad to be, with its endless grasslands, limestone bluffs, and cerulean skies. Occupying a 47-mile stretch of Kansas state highway K-177 between Cassoday and Council Grove, this two-lane paved road is bordered by ... , Signature Event. The Signature Event is an annual gathering on the prairie celebrating music, art, and the ecology of the Flint Hills. The 2024 event will take place on the Evans Family Red Ranch in Greenwood County, Kansas, on June 8. Photo by Kevin Brown., Are you looking for the best things to do in Kansas City, Missouri? Look no further; here are the fun activities and attractions you should not miss. By: Author Kyle Kroeger Posted on Last updated: April 16, 2023 Categories Missouri We take..., The Smoky Hills are an upland region of hills in the central Great Plains of North America. They are located in the Midwestern United States, encompassing north-central Kansas and a small portion of south-central Nebraska.. The hills are a dissected plain covered by tallgrass and mixed-grass prairie.The Smoky Hills were formed by erosion of …, The City of Alma, also known as the ‘City of Native Stone,’ is a small community nestled in the heart of the Flint Hills, Kansas, with a population of fewer than 1000 people. Whether you are young or old, single or married, a family with or without children, we are a fast-growing city in a picturesque setting offering a high standard of ..., May 14, 2020 · The Flint Hills hold hundreds of non-native plant species. Many — like a patch of daffodils that mark where a prairie homestead once stood — cause no problems. Old World bluestems and sericea lespedeza are as bad as it gets, says Brian Obermeyer of Chase County, director of protection and stewardship at the Nature Conservancy of Kansas . , Published 7:10 AM PDT, June 19, 2020. BELLE PLAINE, Kan. (AP) — More than a century after the arrival of the railroads to the Flint Hills of Kansas, a large-scale track expansion is tearing up a scenic stretch in some of the last remaining tallgrass prairie left in the nation. The multiyear project by BNSF Railway to build a second main line ..., Mar 15, 2023 · The Kansas Flint Hills Scenic Byway. The Kansas Flint Hills National Scenic Byway is everything you would envision a Kansas backroad to be, with its endless grasslands, limestone bluffs, and cerulean skies. Occupying a 47-mile stretch of Kansas state highway K-177 between Cassoday and Council Grove, this two-lane paved road is bordered by ... , The Flint Hills is a four-million-acre region in eastern Kansas and northeastern Oklahoma. The deep-rooted prairie grasses in the Flint Hills nurture some of the greatest biological diversity in the world. This area was spared from conversion because of rolling hills of limestone, chert (flint) and shale that made the area difficult to farm.