Nanoimprint

NanoImprint is a generic technology involving various approaches but keeping a common goal: the use of a stamp or mold to transfer a 2D or 3D pattern onto a surface or in a material's thickness ...

Nanoimprint. The nanoimprint replication of biomimetic nanostructures can be interesting for a wide range of applications. We demonstrate the process chain for Morpho-blue-inspired nanostructures, which are especially challenging for the nanoimprint process, since they consist of multilayer undercut structures, which typically cannot be replicated using nanoimprint …

A new approach using freestanding nanosheets for chemical sensing application. • V 2 O 5 free-standing nanosheets have been prepared using sacrificial layer method.. Surface modification using nanoimprint lithography for enhanced NH 3 sensing.. Deposition of V 2 O 5 films using RF sputtering - to act as a metal oxide sensor.

Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is a high throughput, high-resolution parallel patterning method in which a surface pattern of a stamp is replicated into a material by mechanical contact and three ...Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is an imprinting technique which has experienced an increasing popularity due to its versatility in fabrication processes. Commercial NIL machines are readily available achieving high quality results; however, these machines involve a relatively high investment. Hence, small laboratories often choose to perform NIL ...Robust, buoyant, superhydrophobic PVB/SiO2 coatings were successfully formed on wood surface through a one-step solvothermal method and a nanoimprint lithography method. The as-prepared PVB/SiO2 ...However, nanoimprint lithography (NIL), which in other industries has bridged the gap between R&D and high-volume manufacturing, can adapt to the needs of the fragmented and less standardized photonics market more easily. In particular, full-field UV-NIL can print patterns over large areas without stitching errors. Abstract. We studied the properties of a fluoropolymer based on perfluoropolyether (PFPE) as the mold material for thermal nanoimprint lithography. The PFPE mold was duplicated from a hard master mold by casting and thermal-curing of the PFPE pre-polymer mixture. The PFPE mold was able to pattern 100 nm half-pitch grating into a resist, with ...Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) manufacturing equipment utilizes a patterning technology that involves the field-by-field deposition and exposure of a low viscosity resist deposited by jetting technology onto the substrate. The patterned mask is lowered into the fluid which then quickly flows into the relief patterns in the mask by capillary action.Nanoimprint lithography manufacturing equipment utilizes a patterning technology that involves the field-by-field deposition and exposure of a low viscosity resist deposited by jetting technology onto the substrate, faithfully reproducing patterns with a higher resolution and greater uniformity compared to those produced by photolithography …Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is a promising technique for high-throughput nanopattern fabrication. In particular, thermal nanoimprint lithography (T-NIL) has the advantage of employing flexible materials and eliminating chemicals and solvents. Moreover, T-NIL is particularly suitable for compostable and recyclable materials, especially when ...

Aug 16, 2023 · In contrast, nanoimprint lithography employs an engraved mold to stamp the desired structure, making it a more affordable and faster method. This approach has its own challenges, particularly with ... Photonic nanostructures are created in organo-metal halide perovskites by thermal nanoimprint lithography at a temperature of 100 °C. The imprinted layers are significantly smoothened compared to the initially rough, polycrystalline layers and the impact of surface defects is substantially mitigated upon imprint.Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is a compelling technique for low cost nanoscale device fabrication. The precise and repeatable replication of nanoscale patterns from a single high resolution patterning step makes the NIL technique much more versatile than other expensive techniques such as e-beam or even helium ion beam lithography. Furthermore ...Nanoimprint lithography ( NIL) is a method of fabricating nanometer scale patterns. It is a simple nanolithography process with low cost, high throughput and high resolution. It creates patterns by mechanical deformation of imprint resist and subsequent processes. The imprint resist is typically a monomer or polymer formulation that is cured by ...Ultraviolet nanoimprint lithography (UV-NIL) requires high durability of the mold for the mass production of nanostructures. To evaluate the durability of a line-patterned replica mold made of high-hardness UV curable resin, repetitive transfer and contact angle measurements of the replica mold were carried out. In the line patterns, as the contact …

Roll-to-roll (R2R) nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is the most demanded technique due to its high-throughput fulfilling industrial-scale application. In the present work, a general literature review on the various types of nanoimprint lithography processes especially R2R NIL and the methods commonly adapted to fabricate imprint molds are ...Nanoimprinting faces challenges with imprinting hard materials at low or room temperature, and with fabricating complex nanostructures rapidly. Here, the authors overcome these challenges by a ...Nanoimprint lithography is a fabrication method by applying nanomolds on resists to form inversed patterns. It can be utilized to fabricate high-resolution nanopatterns in a low cost and rapid ...The Advantages of Nanoimprint Lithography for Semiconductor Device Manufacturing Toshiya Asano 1, Keita Sakai 1, Kiyohito Yamamoto 1, Hiromi Hiura 1, Takahiro Nakayama 1, Tomohiko Hayashi 1, Yukio Takabayashi 1, Takehiko Iwanaga 1, Douglas J. Resnick 2 1Canon Inc., 20-2, Kiyohara-Kogyodanchi, Utsunomiya-shi, Tochigi 321-3292 Japan

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Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) has attracted broad interests in nano/micropatterning of photonic structures, however, one of the major challenges in NIL is the defect rate due to a large demolding force which causes difficult demolding. In this work, adhesion and friction stresses were obtained from the overall demolding force through ...Published April 15, 2022. #. Meet SCIL Nanoimprint solutions at the Laser World of Photonics 2022 in Munich Germany from April 26 to 29, 2022. Remco van Brakel will answers all your questions about our technology, our solutions and how we can help with your nano-structuring challenges. Visit us at the Holland High Tech Pavilion, booth B4.435.7.It can be potentially used in reflective color displays field, functionalized color decorations, and security color patterns area. It is believed that this study would open up new possibilities for high density color printing in practical industry by introducing cost effective nanoimprint lithography technology.Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is a high-precision, cost-effective, high-throughput replication technology. The micro-and nanostructures imprinted on the flexible and rigid substrate can generate multivariate functionalities. Functionalities include superhydrophobicity, Super hydrophilicity, antireflective, high optical transmission, anti ...The authors present a technique for the replication of molds for nanoimprint lithography (NIL) without solvents or etching. A thin hard amorphous silicon film is deposited onto imprinted or self-assembled polymer nanostructures by room-temperature conformal plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. After attachment to another substrate and ...

In thermal nanoimprint lithography, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) with good thermoplasticity is often used as transferring media. However, due to the special properties of PMMA, the accuracy of microstructure transferred to the surface will be seriously affected. To address this problem, the micro-vibration by piezo-driven is introduced in conventional thermal nanoimprint lithography. Because ...Nanonex NIL solution offers low-cost, high-throughput, large-area patterning of 3D nanostructures with sub-10 nm resolution and accurate overlay alignment. It also includes all forms of nanoimprinting, such as thermoplastic, uv-curable, thermal curable, and direct imprinting (embossing). The Nanonex NIL solution can meet the needs of a broad ...Oct 13, 2023 · Nanoimprint lithography is a technique that has been in existence for over 20 years, as noted by Pranay Kotasthane, the chairperson of the Takshashila Institution, in an interview with CNBC ... Sep 1, 2016 · Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is a compelling technique for low cost nanoscale device fabrication. The precise and repeatable replication of nanoscale patterns from a single high resolution patterning step makes the NIL technique much more versatile than other expensive techniques such as e-beam or even helium ion beam lithography. Furthermore, the use of mechanical deformation during the NIL ... Chemical nanoimprint lithography using an electrochemical reaction was reported and focusing particularly on the mold material and a new device. This imprint is based on a process in which a voltage is applied between a mold and a substrate, and then the surface oxide is formed by anodic oxidation. We selected silicon carbide as the mold ...Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) as a concept has been around for a while, he explained, but the technique has been plagued by challenges with defects, overlay, and throughput.Biomimetic micro- and nano- structures have attracted considerable interest over the last decades for various applications ranging from optics to life sciences. The complex nature of the structures, however, presents significant challenges for fabrication and their application in real-life settings. Nanoimprint lithography could provide an …Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is one of the most popular manufacturing technologies for the mass production of microstructure [1]. For this technique, the microstructures on polymeric materials are mechanically formed by imprinting the predesigned structures at an elevated temperature. In industrial applications, the local mechanical properties ...The advances in nanoimprint lithography, its application in nanogap metal contacts and related fabrication yield were discussed. The 5 nm linewidth and 14 nm linepitch in resist using nanoimprint lithography at room temperature with a pressure less than 15 psi was demonstrated. Gold contact were fabricated with 5 nm separation by nanoimprint in ...Nano patterning and Nanoimprint lithography [NIL] has advanced to great heights in recent years. Customizing the surface at micro and nano scale is of great demand. It facilitates the handling and working at micro and nano scale level. Its applications towards medical field are growing day by day.

We explore the limits of a simple and facile process for transferring low aspect ratio, high-resolution features defined by nanoimprint lithography. The process involves postimprint deposition of an angle-evaporated hard mask. This widens the process window for residual resist removal and facilitates easy liftoff. An added benefit is a concomitant reduction of …

Large-area nanoimprint lithography (NIL) has been regarded as one of the most promising micro/nano-manufacturing technologies for mass production of large-area micro/nanoscale patterns and complex 3D structures and high aspect ratio features with low cost, high throughput, and high resolution. That opens the door and paves the way for many commercial applications not previously conceptualized ...EV Group (EVG), a supplier of wafer bonding and lithography equipment for the MEMS, nanotechnology and semiconductor markets, and Notion Systems, a supplier of industrial inkjet coating systems for functional materials, today announced that they have entered into an agreement to develop the first fully integrated and automated nanoimprint lithography (NIL) solution with inkjet coating ...This equipment, the “FPA-1200NZ2C”, is already being used by Toshiba Memory, a leading manufacturer of semiconductor memory. We sat down with some of Canon’s developers to ask them about nanoimprint lithography, the technologies behind it, how it differs from conventional methods and what kind of changes it will bring to our lives. nanoimprint lithography; biomimetic. 1. Introduction. 1.1. Nanoimprinting. Nanoimprint lithography [ 1, 2, 3] is a method to replicate micro- and nanostructures. Since its beginnings in the 1990s [ 4, 5, 6] it has seen a strong increase in popularity and use both in academia and industry.By combining antifouling shark-skin patterns with antibacterial titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs), we present a simple route toward producing durable multifunctional surfaces that decrease microbial attachment and inactivate attached microorganisms. Norland Optical Adhesive, a UV-crosslinkable adhesive material, was loaded with 0, 10, or 50 wt % TiO2 NPs from which shark-skin ...We implement this experimentally by demonstrating a nanoimprint-transfer-patterning (NTP) process for the fabrication of nanostructured CQD solids with highly ordered patterns. We show that this approach enables a boost in the power conversion efficiency in CQD solar cells primarily due to an increase in short-circuit current density as a ...Nanoimprint lithography was first invented by Chou and his students in 1995 as a low-cost and high throughput alternative to photolithography and e-beam …Dr. Chou's most well-known inventions include: nanoimprint - a new paradigm in nanopatterning that has become a multi-billion dollar industry, 7 nm grate-wrap-around transistors/memories, lithographically-induced-self-assembly (LISA), single domain-patterned-media (quantized disk) - a new paradigm in magnetic data storage, new nanophotonics ...

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Oct 13, 2023. Jaron Schneider. Canon is expanding even further outside of imaging with the release of a new nanoimprint semiconductor manufacturing device capable of executing …Nanoimprint, a form of 1× contact lithography, is one of the few technologies capable of meeting the resolution requirements for next generation electronic and storage devices. Its ability to produce small features with low line width roughness and critical dimension uniformity has been demonstrated by multiple sources. Significant ...The aim of Nanoimprint Lithography (NIL) is the cost-efficient replication of nanostructures on large area surfaces.Die Neuentwicklung ATLAS 46 konnte auch erfolgreich für Nanoimprinting eingesetzt werden (Universität Wuppertal, AG Prof. Scheer).It can be potentially used in reflective color displays field, functionalized color decorations, and security color patterns area. It is believed that this study would open up new possibilities for high density color printing in practical industry by introducing cost effective nanoimprint lithography technology.Nanoimprint lithography is a low-cost technique to duplicate nanopatterns, but fabrication of masters is high cost and time consuming because they are usually fabricated by photolithography or e-beam lithography. If a silicon master is stained with PDMS, it is a great challenge to re-new the master. PDMS is a thermoset polymer, so it is ...Exhibit 44: Chart on Nanoimprint - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%) Exhibit 45: Data Table on Nanoimprint - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%) 6.4 E-beam lithography - Market size and forecast ...For UV nanoimprint lithography (UV-NIL) using polymer soft stamps, imprinting at ambient atmosphere brings additional challenges due to evaporated solvents and possible byproducts resulting from the interaction between the UV light, oxygen and the polymer-based material.Moreover, the Laplace pressure may impact differently on the capillary filling for both positive and negative patterns at ...Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is a replication technique which has proven to provide a resolution unmatched by many other techniques, while at the same time offering parallel and fast fabrication of micro- and nanostructures [].On the one hand, this enables its application to fields where large areas covered by nanostructures or a number of identical structures for statistical evaluation are ...Researcher Applications of Substrates for Nanoimprint Devices "The test substrate I purchased recently are simply used as substrates for SU-8 for frabrication of nanoimprint and microfluidic devices.. The prime grade 0.01 ohm-cm p-type <100> we purchased recently are used for metal assisted chemical etch of silicon leading to the fabrication of porous silicon nanoneedles, the ones that we ... ….

For UV nanoimprint lithography (UV-NIL) using polymer soft stamps, imprinting at ambient atmosphere brings additional challenges due to evaporated solvents and possible byproducts resulting from the interaction between the UV light, oxygen and the polymer-based material.Moreover, the Laplace pressure may impact differently on the capillary filling for both positive and negative patterns at ...The conference will also offer a unique nanoimprint ecosystem session and roundtable discussion in which providers of tools, masters, materials and open access research and process development facilities will converge in a single session to provide a comprehensive look at potential commercialization paths for bringing product concepts from the ...Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is a promising technique for fine-patterning with a lower cost than other lithography techniques such as EUV or immersion with multi-patterning. NIL has the potential of "single" patterning for both line patterns and hole patterns with a half-pitch of less than 20nm. NIL tools for semiconductor manufacturing employ ...Fig. 1: Nanoimprint process vs. traditional optical lithography. Source: Canon. Nanoimprint is a cost-effective, single-exposure technique that doesn't require expensive optics and multiple patterning. But the technology has some issues in terms of defectivity, overlay and throughput, preventing it from becoming a more mainstream lithographic technology.Andre Krebbers COO of Leia Inc. " Leia Inc. has successfully industrialized the Leia proprietary Diffractive Light field Backlighting (DLB™) technology for naked eye 3D with the support of the deep knowledge Morphotonics has in large-area nanoimprint lithography processing and tool manufacturing.Ultraviolet nanoimprint lithography (UV-NIL) requires high durability of the mold for the mass production of nanostructures. To evaluate the durability of a line-patterned replica mold made of high-hardness UV curable resin, repetitive transfer and contact angle measurements of the replica mold were carried out. In the line patterns, as the contact …To support the activities on photovoltaics we develop low-cost and large surface area nanofabrication technologies based on Soft Nanoimprint Lithography ...Oct 13, 2023 · 1 A pattern forming process of nanoimprinting. 2 one billionth of a meter. 3 “nm-node”: a generation of semiconductor technology. 4 An element with the same function as a lens by controlling light with a fine structure smaller than the wavelength of visible light. Related Links Nanoimprint, Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is an emerging high-resolution parallel patterning method, mainly aimed towards fields in which electron-beam and high-end photolithography are costly and do not provide sufficient resolution at reasonable throughput. In a top-down approach, a surface pattern of a stamp is replicated into a material by mechanical contact and three-dimensional material displacement., Imitating nature and comprehending its workings is a means for human beings to advance the development of functional materials. In this study, UV nanoimprint lithography technology was utilized to successfully replicate the micro-nano hierarchical structure (micro-papillae and nano-wax tube crystals) present on the surface of the natural fresh lotus leaf., Non-planar morphology is a common feature of devices applied in various physical fields, such as light or fluid, which pose a great challenge for surface nano-patterning to improve their performance. The present study proposes a discretely-supported nanoimprint lithography (NIL) technique to fabricate nanostructures on the extremely non-planar surface, namely high-spatial-frequency stepped ..., The Advantages of Nanoimprint Lithography for Semiconductor Device Manufacturing Toshiya Asano 1, Keita Sakai 1, Kiyohito Yamamoto 1, Hiromi Hiura 1, Takahiro Nakayama 1, Tomohiko Hayashi 1, Yukio Takabayashi 1, Takehiko Iwanaga 1, Douglas J. Resnick 2 1Canon Inc., 20-2, Kiyohara-Kogyodanchi, Utsunomiya-shi, Tochigi 321-3292 Japan , EVG is the market-leading equipment supplier for nanoimprint lithography (NIL). Pioneering this non-conventional lithography technique for many years, EVG mastered NIL and has implemented it in volume production on ever-increasing substrate sizes. EVG's proprietary SmartNIL technology is optimized by years of research, development and field ..., Nanoimprint lithography, which for decades has trailed behind traditional optical lithography, is emerging as the technology of choice for the rapidly growing photonics and biotech chips markets. First introduced in the mid-1990s, nanoimprint lithography (NIL) has consistently been touted as a lower-cost alternative to traditional optical ..., Efficient screening of protein-drug interactions (PDIs) has been impeded by the limitations of current biophysical approaches. Here, the authors present a funneled YaxAB nanopore sensor which ..., According to an Oct. 13 Canon announcement, the firm's nanoimprint machines can produce 5nm chip circuits, matching the cutting-edge level of EUV. The company predicts enhancements to imprint ..., At the root of this challenge is the indirect nature of existing parallel micromachining strategies that combine sacrificial templates—manufactured on a wafer-scale by either gray-scale lithography (11, 12), maskless lithography (13, 14), microstereolithography (15, 16), or nanoimprint lithography (17-19)—with top-down processes, such as ..., Nanoimprint lithography has emerged in recent years as a nanofabrication strategy that is high-throughput and has a resolution comparable to that of electron-beam lithography (EBL). It is enabled by pattern replication of an EBL master into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), that is then used to pattern a resist for further processing, …, A nanoimprint process that presses a mold into a thin thermoplastic polymer film on a substrate to create vias and trenches with a minimum size of 25 nm and a depth of 100 nm in the polymer has ..., Nanoimprint Lithography and its Applications in Photonics, Biotechnology and Energy Conversion Devices by Brandon D. Lucas A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Applied Physics) in the University of Michigan 2017 Doctoral Committee: Professor L. Jay Guo, Chair, Apr 20, 2023 · Nanoimprint lithography, which for decades has trailed behind traditional optical lithography, is emerging as the technology of choice for the rapidly growing photonics and biotech chips markets. First introduced in the mid-1990s, nanoimprint lithography (NIL) has consistently been touted as a lower-cost alternative to traditional optical ... , The basic concept of roll-to-roll nanoimprint lithography (R2R-NIL) is illustrated and the possibility of pattern-transfer between two cylindrical, curved surfaces is evaluated. For the replication of nanopatterns to a large-area roll from a small-area roll, the R2R-NIL process has to be conducted in a step-and-repeat manner., Mar 29, 2018 · Fig. 1: Nanoimprint process vs. traditional optical lithography. Source: Canon. Nanoimprint is a cost-effective, single-exposure technique that doesn’t require expensive optics and multiple patterning. But the technology has some issues in terms of defectivity, overlay and throughput, preventing it from becoming a more mainstream lithographic ... , Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is a convincing method to manufacture low-cost nanoscale devices. The exact and reproducible duplication of nanoscale patterns from a single moving phase makes the NIL method much more flexible than other costly methods, such as the electric beam or even helium lithography [9]. NIL is described as the use of a mold ..., Oct 13, 2023 · October 12, 2023 at 11:28 PM PDT. Listen. 2:28. Canon Inc. has begun selling its nanoimprint semiconductor manufacturing systems, seeking to claw back market share by positioning the technology as ... , Dec 30, 2021 · Nanoimprint lithography (NIL), which is being jointly developed. Semiconductor manufacturing at NIL: It was clarified that “power consumption can be reduced to 1/10 compared to EUV exposure”. NIL has many problems before mass production, but at present, it has succeeded in forming the most advanced circuit line width. What is NIL: , Here, nanoimprint lithography (NIL) combined with SD dual-functionalized regulation strategy is first used to fabricate high-performance pseudo-planar heterojunction (PPHJ) OSCs, which is conducive to constructing vertical bi-continuous donor/acceptor network to provide sufficient charge separation interface area and orderly charge transport ..., Photonic nanostructures are created in organo-metal halide perovskites by thermal nanoimprint lithography at a temperature of 100 °C. The imprinted layers are significantly smoothened compared to the initially rough, polycrystalline layers and the impact of surface defects is substantially mitigated upon imprint., Feb 25, 2021 · The nanoimprint replication of biomimetic nanostructures can be interesting for a wide range of applications. We demonstrate the process chain for Morpho-blue-inspired nanostructures, which are especially challenging for the nanoimprint process, since they consist of multilayer undercut structures, which typically cannot be replicated using nanoimprint lithography. , Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is an indispensable tool to realize a fast and accurate nanoscale patterning in nanophotonics due to high resolution and high yield. The number of publication on NIL has increased from less than a hundred per year to over three thousand per year. In this paper, the most recent developments on NIL patterning transfer processes and its applications on nanophotonics ..., After the UV nanoimprint process, F 13-TCS based SAM was coated onto the upright nanopyramid patterned glass substrate in order to enhance the anti-sticking property. In order to measure the effect of the inverted nanopyramid structure for improving the photo-current conversion efficiency, the inverted nanopyramid structures were replicated ..., This study aims to produce a hydrophobic polymer film by mimicking the hierarchical micro/nanostructures found on the surface of rose petals. A simple and two-step UV-based nanoimprint lithography was used to copy rose petal structures on the surface of a polyurethane acrylate (PUA) film. In the first step, the rose petal was used as a …, UV Nanoimprint Lithography EV Group is the market-leading equipment supplier for nanoimprint lithography (NIL). Pioneering this non-conventional lithography technique for many years, EVG mastered NIL and has implemented it in volume production on ever-increasing substrate sizes. EVG's, Nanoimprint lithography is the future of semiconductors. Semiconductor technology is already used in familiar goods. However, improved performance and cost reduction are almost reaching their technical limit. Nanoimprint lithography has the power to break through limitations and open a new frontier — realizing the evolution of semiconductor ..., Essentially, optimal equipment design ensures best output with optimal cost performance. You can jump-start your production into the market and be assured that your solutions will be of the highest quality. Providing tools, consumables and process development services for enabling high-resolution patterning at the nanoscale level. , Nanoimprint Template Market Analysis and Latest Trends. A nanoimprint template is a key component in the nanoimprint lithography (NIL) process, which is a high-resolution nanopatterning technique ..., Micro and Nanoimprint Solutions for SUSS Mask Aligners. SUSS MicroTec offers various approaches to the imprint technology, tailored to the specific process requirements of different applications. All imprint solutions are based on SUSS MicroTec's highly regarded semi-automated mask aligner suite and support multiple substrate materials and ..., Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) as a concept has been around for a while, he explained, but the technique has been plagued by challenges with defects, overlay, and throughput., Making An Impression with Nanoimprint. A candid one-on-one interview about the future of lithography with Molecular Imprints' CEO. March 21st, 2013 - By: Mark LaPedus. By Mark LaPedus. Semiconductor Manufacturing & Design sat down to discuss the trends in lithography with Mark Melliar-Smith, president and chief executive of Molecular Imprints ..., Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is a promising technique for high-throughput nanopattern fabrication. In particular, thermal nanoimprint lithography (T-NIL) has the advantage of employing flexible materials and eliminating chemicals and solvents. Moreover, T-NIL is particularly suitable for compostable and recyclable materials, especially when ..., Products. We create highly advanced products based on diffractive optics and metalenses. Our core focus is optical elements and components consisting of diffusers, fanouts, collimators and focusing lenses. We also make masters for augmented and mixed reality. All our masters and sub-masters are made to customer requirements.