Ira chernus

[Ira Chernus, Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Colorado at Boulder, is the author of Monsters To Destroy: The Neoconservative War on Terror and Sin ...

Ira Chernus, a professor of religious studies, wrote: "The days of Vietnam-style 'body counts' ended long ago. Now, since nearly all the killing is done from high above, there may be no way to get even a close approximation [of the price of war in terms of casualties]. This is the new way of war. We destroy the enemy's air defenses and then …Use of multiple, non-Anonymous handles for commenting on this webzine is strongly discouraged, and your secret (real or fictitious) email allows you to authenticate your commenter-identity, preventing others from assuming it, accidentally or otherwise.Ira Chernus is a professor emeritus of religious studies at the University of Colorado and author of MythicAmerica: Essays. He blogs at mythicamerica.us, hosted by History News Network.More than any of the required reading produced by American Renaissance, A Dissident’s Guide to Blacks and Africa captures the essence of what American Renaissance is all about. Racial differences lead to racial preferences, and Jared Taylor has built a career promoting the rights of white people to associate with whomever they prefer ...The Neoconservative War on Terror and Sin. Author(s) Ira ChernusA K-1 income report is used to report investments in a partnership. If you have an IRA, you may receive a K-1 if your IRA invests in a partnership. Your IRA investment manager will issue a K-1 that will show your unrelated business taxable ...

IRA CHERNUS is a professor of religious studies at the University of Colorado at …Dr. Strangegod: On the symbolic meaning of nuclear weapons (Studies in comparative religion) [Chernus] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Dr. Strangegod: On the symbolic meaning of nuclear weapons (Studies in comparative religion)American Nonviolence: The History of An Idea. By Ira Chernus. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, …Ira Chernus is Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Colorado at Boulder where he has taught for 30 years, including a term as Co-Director of the CU Peace and Conflict Studies Program. He received his Ph.D. in Religion from Temple University. Nationally, he was co-chair of the Religion, War, and Peace Group of the American Academy ...General Eisenhower: Ideology And Discourse ( Rhetoric & Public Affairs)| Ira Chernus, Southern Africa's Weather Patterns: A Guide To The Interpretation Of Synoptic Maps|Lynn Hurry, An Introduction To Occam 2 Programming|G.V. Wilson, Seastalker: Trs-80 Model III (32k)|Infocom, General Alexandre Dumas: Soldier Of The French Revolution|Professor John G. Gallaher B.A. M.A. Ph.D., Women Of The Anti ...He can be reached at [email protected].] The Israel Project hired pollster Stanley Greenberg to test American opinion on the Middle East conflict -- and got a big surprise. In September 2008, 69% of Americans called themselves pro-Israel.

For years, officials in the US government have held that Democratic National Convention voter expansion data director Seth Rich was killed during a random robbery in July 2016. Nothing was taken and there are currently no suspects in the case. Julian Assange and others have suggested that Rich was in fact the source for the Wikileak's dump of DNC emails and that foul play from political actors ...Ira Chernus PROFESSOR OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT BOULDER. NOT SO EASY TO WRITE OFF PALESTINE "Yes, but hey, we're not as bad as the Nazis." That is the best our local County Commissioner, Paul Danish, could come up with to justify Israel's harsh repression of the Palestinians. "Life in Ramallah [a principle West Bank city ...Ira Chernus. Every war needs a good story. No one will go out to kill or to be killed without a persuasive story to explain why the bloodshed and sacrifice are necessary. The story need not be true, of course. War stories are rarely more than half-true; in storytelling as in war, truth is the first casualty. The story simply has to be satisfying.In American Nonviolence: A History of an Idea, theology professor Ira Chernus argues, "Thoreau's religious life, which was for him the sum total of his life, was a quest for direct experience of this spiritual process of ultimate reality." To Thoreau, God's "Higher Laws" manifest most strongly in nature, where he first saw the ...Ira Chernus is a journalist, author, and Professor Emeritus of Religious Studies at the University of Colorado, Boulder. He received his Ph.D. in Religion from Temple University, specializing in the history of rabbinic Judaism. For much of his career, his academic writing focused on the foreign policy of US presidents. He has published books on Dwight Eisenhower and George W. Bush. As a ... Author: Chernus, IraDescription: On July 16, 1945, Author: Chernus, Ira Description: On July 16, 1945, the United States set off the world's first atomic explosion.In his "Atoms for Peace" speech of 1953, President Dwight D. Eisenhower captured the tensions_and the ironies_of the atomic age.

Korea univeristy.

The End of Roe and School Prayer: America is Not Ready to Be a Christian Nation; How Evangelicalism's Twin Seeds of Biblical Literalism and Constitutional Originalism Spelled the End of Roe; Evangelical Healthcare Sharing Plan Catastrophically Fails — But Why Did So Many Join in the First Place?Anyone who spoke against the “Creature from Jekyll Island,” the Federal Reserve banking cartel exposed by G. Edward Griffin, was silenced. Presidents Garfield and McKinley, outspoken champions of “sound” money and a central bank, were silenced permanently. John Sherman, a Rothschild protégé, sent the following letter to New York ...Retired Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Colorado Boulder, Ira Chernus (1946-) studied issues of war and peace and U.S. foreign policy from the perspective of a historian of religions. Chernus began his academic career studying the history of religions, in particular the history of Judaism, with special emphasis on the ...Ira Chernus, a TomDispatch regular, is professor emeritus of religious studies at the University of Colorado at Boulder and author of the online MythicAmerica: Essays. Follow TomDispatch on Twitter and join us on Facebook.

Along with scholarly writings, Chernus also contributed to popular press outlets with a regular op-ed column in the Colorado Daily and occasional op-eds for the Boulder Daily Camera. His columns also appeared around the county in papers including the Atlanta Constitution, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Miami Herald, Houston Chronicle, and Denver Post. Ira Chernus, The General and the Trap Posted on April 6, 2008 February 17, 2021 That, in short form, is the story of the Iraqi government "offensive" in Basra (and Baghdad).Who lost Libya? Indeed, who lost the entire Middle East? Those are the questions lurking behind the endless stream of headlines about "Benghazi-gate." Here's the question we should really ask, though.In the article, "Cheer up, it's the end of the world" by Ira Chernus, the author conveys the idea that the possibility of an apocalyptic situation is always present, no matter where people look. He attempts to prove this idea by explaining that an apocalypse simply implies "the end of anything", rather than "the end of everything".Ira Chernus. Ira Chernus is Professor Emeritus of Religious Studies at the University of Colorado at Boulder and author of "American Nonviolence: The History of an Idea." It was half a century ago, but I still remember it vividly. "We have to help South Vietnam," I explained. "It's a sovereign nation being invaded by another nation, North Vietnam."Ira Chernus, Contributor. Professor Emeritus of Religious Studies, University of Colorado Boulder. Professor Emeritus of Religious Studies, University of Colorado Boulder. Jan 18, 2012, 06:01 PM EST | Updated Mar 19, 2012. This post was published on the now-closed HuffPost Contributor platform. Contributors control their own work and posted ...Article: Tomgram: Ira Chernus, Now Who's The Enemy? - What kind of national security policy will the Trump administration pursue globally? On this issue, as on so many others, the incoming ...Author: Ira Chernus Publisher: Texas A&M University Press ISBN: 9781585442201 Category : History Languages : en Pages : 190 Get Book. Book Description In his "Atoms for Peace" speech of 1953, President Dwight David Eisenhower captured the tensions--and the ironies--of the atomic age.A K-1 income report is used to report investments in a partnership. If you have an IRA, you may receive a K-1 if your IRA invests in a partnership. Your IRA investment manager will issue a K-1 that will show your unrelated business taxable ...

American Nonviolence: The History of an Idea, Ira Chernus; $25. Being in the Middle by Being at the Edge: Quaker Experience, Sue & Steve Williams; $21 ...

For eight years President Dwight Eisenhower claimed to pursue peace and national security. Yet his policies entrenched the United States in a seemingly permanent cold war, a spiraling nuclear arms race, and a deepening state of national insecurity. Ira Chernus uncovers the key to this paradox in Eisenhower's unwavering commitment to a consistent way of talking, in private as well as in public ...Chernus has done us all an immense, intellectual favor." -- Anders Stephanson ― Columbia University "In this provocative and deeply absorbing book, Ira Chernus argues powerfully that the Eisenhower administration, through its use of what he calls apocalypse management, consistently undermined Americas sense of security. It is a paradigm that ...Ira Chernus PROFESSOR OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES ... See the website of Miguel Chernus-Goldstein, aerial dancer, and his latest performance videos here and here. Ira CHERNUS, Monsters To Destroy These books are available at the LEFTHAND BOOKSTORE, 1200 Pearl Street (just east of Broadway, south side of mall, lower level). They are usually open 10:00 AM - 9:00 PM Monday through Saturday and noon - 6:00 PM Sunday. Call 443-8252 to make sure they are open. The books were not ordered through the CU Bookstore.Ira Chernus . Just days after the tragedy of September 11, a political cartoon captured what many people were thinking, with a picture of Uncle Sam trudging through rubble in shoes labeled "Israel." Since then, it has become almost obligatory to lament, "Now, for the first time, I feel vulnerable in my own homeland." ...Ira CHERNUS, Monsters To Destroy These books are available at the LEFTHAND BOOKSTORE, 1200 Pearl Street (just east of Broadway, south side of mall, lower level). They are usually open 10:00 AM - 9:00 PM Monday through Saturday and noon - 6:00 PM Sunday. Call 443-8252 to make sure they are open. The books were not ordered through the CU Bookstore.Ira Chernus is Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Colorado at Boulder where he has taught for 30 years, including a term as Co-Director of the CU Peace and Conflict Studies Program. He received his Ph.D. in Religion from Temple University. Nationally, he was co-chair of the Religion, War, and Peace Group of the American Academy ...Dec 8, 2015 · Ira Chernus, Six Mistakes on the Road to Permanent War Posted on December 8, 2015 May 15, 2021 In the muddled midst of last week’s mass killing in San Bernardino, California, a few words skittering across my Twitter feed gave me pause. A Civil War Story About the Islamic State Might Spark a Peace Movement“Christian Nationalism” has emerged as the latest bogeyperson, not only for the leftist Corporate Media but also for secular and even cuckChristian elites, since the “Jericho March” in December and the January 6 Mostly Peaceful Protest at the U.S. Capitol. The charges against the budding movement are familiar: It’s racist, nativist, white …

K state volleyball arena.

Brothers pizza sterling ridge.

Ira Chernus surveys the evolution of this powerful idea from the Colonial Era up to today, focusing on representative movements (Anabaptists, Quakers, Anarchists, Progressives) and key individuals (Thoreau, Reinhold Niebuhr, Dorothy Day, A.J. Muste, King, Barbara Deming), including non-Americans like Mohandas Gandhi and Thich Nhat Hanh, who ...This entry was posted on January 25, 2023 by Vox Populi in Opinion Leaders, Personal Essays, Social Justice, spirituality and tagged Civil rights, drag queen, fathers, Ira Chernus, LGBTQ+, Martin Luther King Jr, non-binary, Ron DeSantis, transexual, transgender, Walt Whitman.Who even remembers the moment in mid-February 2003, almost 13 years ago, when millions of people across this country and the planet turned out in an antiwar moment unique in history? It was aimed at stopping a conflict that had yet to begin. Those demonstrators, myself included, were trying to put pressure on the administration of George W. Bush not to do what its top officials so visibly ...Retirement is a glorious time in life that most people look forward to with excitement, but it takes some advance preparation if you want to really enjoy those golden years of leisure.By Ira Chernus. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 2004. xiv + 234 pages. $20.00 (paper). Ira Chernus is professor of religious studies at the University of Colorado at Boulder. In this book he seeks to provide an overview of the intellectual tradition of nonviolence in the United States emphasizing the "logical argu-ments for principled nonviolence" (ix).Like gutter cleaning or coin rolling, Roth IRAs are one of those things we should be learning about and using, but feels like a chore. Robert Brokamp persuades us that IRA investments are easier and more beneficial than we think. Like gutte...Chernus, Ira. Mysticism in Rabbinic Judaism: Studies in the History of Midrash, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1982.https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110852066292 UCB, Eaton Humanities 240 University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309-0292 Telephone: (303) 492-8042 [email protected] Chernus. Every war needs a good story. No one will go out to kill or to be killed without a persuasive story to explain why the bloodshed and sacrifice are necessary. The story need not be true, of course. War stories are rarely more than half-true; in storytelling as in war, truth is the first casualty. The story simply has to be satisfying.If we can't find joy in our work for peace and social justice, what's the point?For eight years President Dwight Eisenhower claimed to pursue peace and national security. Yet his policies entrenched the United States in a seemingly permanent cold war, a spiraling nuclear arms race, and a deepening state of national insecurity. Ira Chernus uncovers the key to this paradox in Eisenhower's unwavering commitment to a consistent way of talking, in private as well as in public ... ….

For years, officials in the US government have held that Democratic National Convention voter expansion data director Seth Rich was killed during a random robbery in July 2016. Nothing was taken and there are currently no suspects in the case. Julian Assange and others have suggested that Rich was in fact the source for the Wikileak's dump of DNC emails and that foul play from political actors ...Ira Chernus: A Jewish Response to the Tragedy. A JEWISH RESPONSE TO THE TRAGEDY. In 1938, in Germany, the great rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel rose to speak about the Nazis. Surprisingly, the rabbi did not point the finger of blame. He did not speak of the horrors that "they" were committing. He spoke in the first person plural: "We have …Mar 31, 2013 · With that in mind, let Ira Chernus, TomDispatch regular and an expert on separating fantasy from reality, take on the tough task of putting aside the media hosannas about the president’s recent Middle Eastern travels and making sense of what actually happened. These reptile creatures are behind the satanic ritual abuse of children, and also responsible for faking all wars to confuse people. That's why it's important to understand the game, so you don't get sucked into their illusion that there is a difference between Russia and America.Ira Chernus PROFESSOR OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT BOULDER. TRIAL BALLOON FOR WAR ON IRAQ. If you were planning a war, would you tell your enemy months in advance when you plan to launch the attack? That is just what the Bush administration did last week. Bush advisors were all over Washington, leaking the new that the drive ...The Department of Religious Studies at the University of Colorado Boulder combines the intimacy of a classic liberal arts education, the rigor of a strong graduate program, and a climate of engagement fostered by a research-dedicated faculty who bring teaching to life with diverse experiences and unique perspectives. Our faculty is interdisciplinary, international, and …For eight years President Dwight Eisenhower claimed to pursue peace and national security. Yet his policies entrenched the United States in a seemingly permanent cold war, a spiraling nuclear arms race, and a deepening state of national insecurity. Ira Chernus uncovers the key to this paradox in Eisenhower's unwavering commitment to a consistent way of talking, in private as well as in public ... Ira Chernus on Where Fear Can’t Take Us Posted on October 4, 2005 October 20, 2009 A world of fear: By the end of 1953, the United States had close to 1,000 A-bombs, H-bombs, and “tactical” nuclear weapons.Nuclear Madness: Religion and the Psychology of the Nuclear Age.Ira Chernus . Charles ElderIn response to Stalin’s death, President Eisenhower delivered his famous “Chance for Peace” address on April 16, 1953, to the American Society of Newspaper Editors. Assessing this speech, Ira Chernus suggests that it “identified the Soviet Union as the sole source of nuclear threat.”. In the aftermath of the “Chance for Peace ... Ira chernus, Ira Chernus is Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Having written extensively on Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and George W. Bush, he is now writing a book tentatively titled "Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Origins of the National Insecurity State." He can be contacted at [email protected]., J Street, the most prominent American pro-Israel, pro-peace group, has packed its 2011 national conference with sessions on nearly every aspect of the Israel-Palestine conflict, U.S. Mideast policy, and American Jewish attitudes toward Israel. Conspicuously missing, though, is the most important topic of all: The narrative of Israel as a brave but insecure little nation, constantly forced to ..., Ira Chernus (born October 29, 1946) is a journalist, author, and Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Colorado, Boulder. He received his Ph.D. in Religion from Temple University, specializing in the history of rabbinic Judaism. His academic writing now focuses on the foreign policy of, Ira Chernus PROFESSOR OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT BOULDER . SEX AND LIBERALISM: THE CU-BOULDER CONNECTION. Bill Owens is shocked. Shocked. Sex-for-recruiting in the CU Athletic Department? The governor has mounted his white horse of virtue, pledging to stamp out such moral nastiness. Meanwhile, state legislators are mounting ..., Ira Chernus (born October 29, 1946) is a journalist, author, and Professor Emeritus of Religious Studies at the University of Colorado, Boulder. He received his Ph.D. in Religion from Temple University , specializing in the history of rabbinic Judaism., Ira Chernus is Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Colorado at Boulder and author of Apocalypse Management: Eisenhower and the Discourse of National Insecurity (Stanford, 2008). Everyone who follows the news in the historians' world now knows that Stephen Ambrose spent far less time interviewing Dwight D. Eisenhower than he ..., Moving Beyond Resistance. Ira Chernus. Jan 18, 2017. Ira Chernus is Professor Emeritus of Religious Studies at the University of Colorado at Boulder and author of "American Nonviolence: The History of an Idea." , This entry was posted on January 25, 2023 by Vox Populi in Opinion Leaders, Personal Essays, Social Justice, spirituality and tagged Civil rights, drag queen, fathers, Ira Chernus, LGBTQ+, Martin Luther King Jr, non-binary, Ron DeSantis, transexual, transgender, Walt Whitman., by Ira Chernus. Write a review. How customer reviews and ratings work See All Buying Options. Sign in to filter reviews 7 total ratings, 3 with reviews There was a problem filtering reviews right now. Please try again later. From the United States ..., As a professor of religious studies at the University of Colorado, Boulder, as well as through essays in many newspapers and websites, Ira Chernus has spent decades bringing the tradition of nonviolence to bear on concrete current events, particularly American and Israeli foreign policy., 7 ธ.ค. 2554 ... At Religion Dispatches, Ira Chernus (whom I interviewed here a few years ago) ably responds to Ian Diaz's New York Times op-ed, which argues ..., Ira Chernus, a TomDispatch regular, is professor emeritus of religious studies at the University of Colorado at Boulder and author of the online MythicAmerica: Essays. Follow TomDispatch on Twitter and join us on Facebook., Ira Chernus: War: Attack was result of conflict that should have ended. Let’s set the record straight on Hamas. Long ago that Palestinian group did write a charter calling for the elimination of ..., Ira Chernus is Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Colorado at Boulder where he has taught for 30 years, including a term as Co-Director of the CU Peace and Conflict Studies Program. He received his Ph.D. in Religion from Temple University. Nationally, he was co-chair of the Religion, War, and Peace Group of the American Academy ..., Ira Chernus is Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Colorado at Boulder and author of "Apocalypse Management: Eisenhower and the Discourse of National Insecurity" (Stanford, 2008)., No one should be surprised by this. I don't believe anyone can be surprised by this. I mean, come on. White people have been taught for a year and a half that black people are above the law, and that if you try to stop them from committing crimes, you will be charged with a crime and go to prison. We've all had it drilled into our heads that blacks are 100% above the law, and that the real ..., Before opening a new retirement account for year-end tax savings, compare the differences, and see which is the best fit for you. Sooner or later, we’re all going to need to pick a retirement savings account. And if you’ve decided an IRA (i..., Ira Chernus. Encyclopedia of Global Religion. 2012. SAGE Knowledge. Book chapter . Models of Nonviolence. Show details Hide details. Gregg Barak. Violence and Nonviolence: Pathways to Understanding. 2003. SAGE Knowledge. Entry . Thoreau, Henry David. Show details Hide details. The Encyclopedia of Political Science. 2011. SAGE …, Ira Chernus is a journalist, author, and Professor Emeritus of Religious Studies at the University of Colorado, Boulder. He received his Ph.D. in Religion from Temple University, specializing in the history of rabbinic Judaism. For much of his career, his academic writing focused on the foreign policy of US presidents. He has published books on Dwight Eisenhower and George W. Bush. As a ... , Dr. Ira Chernus, Dept. of Religious Studies . Dr. Ricardo Stephen, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry . 1 Introduction . As a Religious Studies major that is also interested in the field of science, I wanted to write an honors thesis that was able to incorporate both of these fields. Having been to South, In response to Stalin's death, President Eisenhower delivered his famous "Chance for Peace" address on April 16, 1953, to the American Society of Newspaper Editors. Assessing this speech, Ira Chernus suggests that it "identified the Soviet Union as the sole source of nuclear threat.". In the aftermath of the "Chance for Peace ..., Ira Chernus PROFESSOR OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT BOULDER. PUBLIC CITIZEN. Here are some sources for information and opinion on a wide variety of issues of current interest. They will link you to a vast network of news sources and issue-oriented websites., Ira Chernus offers a fine‑grained analysis of the genesis of the Atoms for Peace speech in his book, Eisenhower’s Atoms for Peace, and Kenneth Osgood gives the best analysis of the propaganda side of the program led by the USIA in Total Cold War: Eisenhower’s Secret Propaganda Battle at Home and Abroad.3 A number, If you’re ready to boost your retirement savings, but aren’t sure where to begin, you can start by opening an individual retirement account (IRA). An IRA is a type of investment account intended to help investors prepare for their retiremen..., Ira Chernus surveys the evolution of this powerful idea from the Colonial Era up to today, focusing on representative movements (Anabaptists, Quakers, Anarchists, Progressives) and key individuals (Thoreau, Reinhold Niebuhr, Dorothy Day, A.J. Muste, King, Barbara Deming), including non-Americans like Mohandas Gandhi, or Thich Nhat Hanh, who ..., Ira Chernus PROFESSOR OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT BOULDER. OP-ED COLUMNS. My op-ed columns and commentaries have been published in a wide variety of sources over the years. Now they appear most often on the websites for which I write regularly: www.commondreams.org, www.tomdispatch.com, and www.alternet.org., Buy Apocalypse Management: Eisenhower and the Discourse of National Insecurity by Ira Chernus online at Alibris. We have new and used copies available, in 1 editions - starting at $8.61. Shop now., Ira Chernus . Just days after the tragedy of September 11, a political cartoon captured what many people were thinking, with a picture of Uncle Sam trudging through rubble in shoes labeled "Israel." Since then, it has become almost obligatory to lament, "Now, for the first time, I feel vulnerable in my own homeland." ..., Ira Chernus is Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Having written extensively on Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and George W. Bush, he is now writing a book tentatively titled "Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Origins of the National Insecurity State." He can be contacted at [email protected]., Ira Chernus is a journalist, author, and Professor Emeritus of Religious Studies at the University of Colorado, Boulder. He received his Ph.D. in Religion from Temple University, specializing in the history of rabbinic Judaism. For much of his career, his academic writing focused on the foreign policy of US presidents. He has published books on Dwight Eisenhower and George W. Bush., Nuclear Madness - Ira Chernus 1991-01-01 This book builds on Robert Jay Lifton's theory of psychic numbing, and takes madness as a guiding metaphor. It shows that public perceptions of the Bomb are a kaleidoscope of ever-changing ideas and images. Recent changes in public awareness only signal new symptoms of this public madness, …, Feb 25, 2014 · In an age in which gloom, doom, and annihilation are everywhere, it’s vital to bring genuine hope — the reality, not just the word — back into political life. Ira Chernus, a TomDispatch regular, is professor of religious studies at the University of Colorado Boulder and author of the online “MythicAmerica: Essays.”. , Ira Chernus PROFESSOR OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT BOULDER "CULTURE OF LIFE" IS A CULTURE OF FEAR. The tragic case of Terri Schiavo writes a new chapter in the ongoing American saga that is often titled "the culture war." It's no longer just about a so-called "right to life." The Christian right insists that it's about a ...