Important calculus formulas

Feb 4, 2019 · 4. Quadratic Formula. x = − b ± b 2 − 4 a c 2 a. The quadratic formula helps you find the roots of a quadratic equation (parabola) if you can’t easily factor it. You need the quadratic to be in the form y = a x 2 + b x + c, and then you simply plug the coefficients and constants into the formula.

Important calculus formulas. Integral calculus is used for solving the problems of the following types. a) the problem of finding a function if its derivative is given. b) the problem of finding the area bounded by the graph of a function under given conditions. Thus the Integral calculus is divided into two types. Definite Integrals (the value of the integrals are definite)

The integral of this function can be calculated using integration by substitution. Let's substitute: u = csc ( x ) , d u = − csc ( x ) co t ( x ) d x Substituting this in the given integral, we obtain: ∫ csc ( x ) co t ( x ) d x = ∫ − d u = − csc ( x ) + C where C is the constant of integration.

Jun 1, 2017 · 1 = 0.999999999…. This simple equation, which states that the quantity 0.999, followed by an infinite string of nines, is equivalent to one, is the favorite of mathematician Steven Strogatz of ... These formulas are the cornerstone of basic or elementary algebra. Only learning the formulas is not sufficient. The students must also understand the concept behind the formula and learn to apply them correctly. Here, we will provide a list of all the important algebra formulas.Earlier this year, Mathematician Ian Stewart came out with an excellent and deeply researched book titled "In Pursuit of the Unknown: 17 Equations That Changed the World" that takes a look at the ... Maths Formulas Booket Sheet pdf Download: Mathematics Important formulas for CBSE, ICSE, NCERT, SCERT classes from 6th to 12th and for all Competitive Exams like CAT, IAS, RRB, IBPS, JEE, GATE, NDA, RBI, SBI and other boards. These Books are separated as Level-1, Level-2, Level-3 and Class wise also. So you can Download your RequiredMaths Formulas Booket Sheet pdf Download: Mathematics Important formulas for CBSE, ICSE, NCERT, SCERT classes from 6th to 12th and for all Competitive Exams like CAT, IAS, RRB, IBPS, JEE, GATE, NDA, RBI, SBI and other boards. These Books are separated as Level-1, Level-2, Level-3 and Class wise also. So you can Download your RequiredSee full list on dummies.com Apr 15, 2021 · E=mc^2. For our first, we’ll take perhaps the most famous equation of all. Albert Einstein’s 1905 equation relating mass and energy is both elegant and superficially counterintuitive. It says that energy is equal to the mass of an object in its rest frame multiplied by the speed of light squared. Integration is the algebraic method to find the integral for a function at any point on the graph. Finding the integral of some function with respect to some variable x means finding the area to the x-axis from the curve. Therefore, the integral is also called the anti-derivative because integrating is the reverse process of differentiating.

Wolfram Math World – Perhaps the premier site for mathematics on the Web. This site contains definitions, explanations and examples for elementary and advanced math topics. Purple Math – A great site for the Algebra student, it contains lessons, reviews and homework guidelines.What are the Important Formulas covered in Class 12 Maths? Some of the most important formulas covered in Class 12 maths are related to calculus, vector algebra, trigonometry and relations. All these important formulas are provided on this page. Students can also download and revise these class 12 formulas through the pdf link provided on this ...Oct 13, 2023 · So, Mathematical Formulas are very important and necessary for doing maths. If you learn all math formulas, then it will be very easy for you to crack the exam. And, without remembering formula you can’t survive in this competitive exam world. Few Important things to Remember. Math section in a competitive exam is the most important part of ... Frequently used equations in physics. Appropriate for secondary school students and higher. Mostly algebra based, some trig, some calculus, some fancy calculus.Introduction to Three Dimensional Geometry. The three planes determined by the pair of axes are known as coordinate planes with XY, YZ and ZX planes. Find the important Maths formulas for Class 11 below: The distance of two points P (x 1, y 1, z 1) and Q (x 2, y 2, z 2) is: PQ = √(x2 − x1)2 + (y2 − y1)2 + (z2 − z1)2.It is a very important topic of mathematics just like statistics, linear algebra and calculus. In addition to mathematics, it also contributes majorly to engineering, physics, astronomy and architectural design. Trigonometry Formulas for class 11 play a crucial role in solving any

These formulas are the cornerstone of basic or elementary algebra. Only learning the formulas is not sufficient. The students must also understand the concept behind the formula and learn to apply them correctly. Here, we will provide a list of all the important algebra formulas. 20 golf balls to build a tetrahedron of side length 4. The formula which holds for h is h(x) = x(x 1)(x 2)=6 . In the worksheet we will check that summing the di erences gives the function back. 1.10. The general relation SDf(x) = f(x) f(0); DSf(x) = f(n) already is a version of the fundamental theorem of calculus. It will lead to the in-tegral ...Find the equation for the tangent line to a curve by finding the derivative of the equation for the curve, then using that equation to find the slope of the tangent line at a given point. Finding the equation for the tangent line requires a...Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics with the major subdisciplines of number theory, algebra, geometry, and analysis, respectively. There is …

Firestone downtown baton rouge.

Calculus. Calculus is one of the most important branches of mathematics that deals with rate of change and motion. The two major concepts that calculus is based on are derivatives and integrals. The derivative of a function is the measure of the rate of change of a function. It gives an explanation of the function at a specific point. The algebra formulas for three variables a, b, and c and for a maximum degree of 3 can be easily derived by multiplying the expression by itself, based on the exponent value of the algebraic expression. The below formulas are for class 8. (a + b) 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2. (a - b) 2 = a 2 - 2ab + b 2. (a + b) (a - b) = a 2 - b 2.A Differentiation formulas list has been provided here for students so that they can refer to these to solve problems based on differential equations. This is one of the most important topics in higher-class Mathematics. The general representation of the derivative is d/dx.Researchers have devised a mathematical formula for calculating just how much you'll procrastinate on that Very Important Thing you've been putting off doing. Researchers have devised a mathematical formula for calculating just how much you...Calculus 1 8 units · 171 skills. Unit 1 Limits and continuity. Unit 2 Derivatives: definition and basic rules. Unit 3 Derivatives: chain rule and other advanced topics. Unit 4 Applications of derivatives. Unit 5 Analyzing functions. Unit 6 Integrals. Unit 7 Differential equations. Unit 8 Applications of integrals.Distance Formula. Find the distance between the two points. √ ( x 2 − x 1) 2 + ( y 2 − y 1) 2. You don’t actually need this formula, as you can simply graph your points and then create a right triangle from them. The distance will be the hypotenuse, which you can find via the pythagorean theorem.

In calculus, differentiation is one of the two important concepts apart from integration. Differentiation is a method of finding the derivative of a function . Differentiation is a process, in Maths, where we find the instantaneous rate of change in function based on one of its variables.A few years ago, the British scientific journal “Physics World” asked readers to vote for the “greatest formula”. The ten most famous formulas on the list included both the unknown 1 + 1 = 2 and the famous E = MC²; There are both simple-circle formulas and complex Euler formulas …. These formulas are not only the crystallization of ...Calculus is used to model many different processes in real-life applications requiring non-static quantities. Throughout your math journey, you’ll use calculus to: Find a derivative. Evaluate the limit of a function. Explore variables that are constantly changing. Employ integration in solving geometric problems.Important note: We are assuming that the circuit has a constant voltage source, V. This equation does not apply if the voltage source is variable. The time constant in the case of an RC circuit is: τ = RC. The function …The important applications of integral calculus are as follows. Integration is applied to find: The area between two curves. Centre of mass. Kinetic energy. Surface area. Work. Distance, velocity and acceleration. The average value of a function.The integral of this function can be calculated using integration by substitution. Let's substitute: u = csc ( x ) , d u = − csc ( x ) co t ( x ) d x Substituting this in the given integral, we obtain: ∫ csc ( x ) co t ( x ) d x = ∫ − d u = − csc ( x ) + C where C is the constant of integration.Substitution with Indefinite Integrals. Let u = g ( x), where g ′ ( x) is continuous over an interval, let f ( x) be continuous over the corresponding range of g, and let F ( x) be an …28 nov 2022 ... This branch of mathematics originates from describing the basic physical properties of our universe, such as planetary motion and molecules.Math Article. Mensuration. Mensuration. ... Now let’s learn all the important mensuration formulas involving 2D and 3D shapes. Using this mensuration formula list, it will be easy to solve the mensuration problems. Students can also download the mensuration formulas list PDF from the link given above. In general, the most common formulas in …Jan 27, 2023 · Introduction to Three Dimensional Geometry. The three planes determined by the pair of axes are known as coordinate planes with XY, YZ and ZX planes. Find the important Maths formulas for Class 11 below: The distance of two points P (x 1, y 1, z 1) and Q (x 2, y 2, z 2) is: PQ = √(x2 − x1)2 + (y2 − y1)2 + (z2 − z1)2. x!a definition as the limit except it requires x < a. There is a similar definition for lim f(x) = 1 x!a except we make f(x) arbitrarily large and negative. Relationship between the limit and one-sided limits lim f(x) = L x!a ) lim f(x) = lim f(x) = L x!a+ x!a lim f(x) = lim f(x) = LOct 14, 2023 · Here, provided all physics formulas in a simple format in our effort to create a repository where a scholar can get hold of any sought after formulas. Important Physics Formulas. Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10 −34 J.s = 4.136 × 10-15 eV.s. Gravitation constant G = 6.67×10 −11 m 3 kg −1 s −2. Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 × 10 −23 J/K

Multivariable Calculus Topics. The important topics covered in the multivariable calculus are as follows: Multivariable Calculus Topics. 1. Differential Calculus Partial Derivatives; Differentiation; Derivatives; ... In regression analysis, it helps to derive the formulas to estimate the relationship among the set of empirical data. In Engineering …

See full list on dummies.com 1.1 Algebra 1.2 Functions 1.3 Trigonometric functions 1.4 Graphing functions 1.5 Rational functions 1.6 Conic sections 1.7 Exercises 1.8 Hyperbolic logarithm and angles Limits [ edit edit source] 2.1 An Introduction to Limits 2.2 Finite Limits 2.3 Infinite Limits 2.4 Continuity 2.5 Formal Definition of the Limit 2.6 Proofs of Some Basic Limit RulesCalculus is used to model many different processes in real-life applications requiring non-static quantities. Throughout your math journey, you’ll use calculus to: Find a derivative. Evaluate the limit of a function. Explore variables that are constantly changing. Employ integration in solving geometric problems.We will follow BODMAS rule to perform operations as follows: Step 1: Simplify the terms inside ( ) to get 13+2 i.e. 15. Step 2: Divide the result by 5 , to get 3. Step 3: Multiply the result by -2 to get -6. Step-4: Add the result in 16 to get 10. Thus the final result is 10.The branch of calculus where we study about integrals, accumulation of quantities, and the areas under and between curves and their properties is known as Integral Calculus. Let’s discuss some integration formulas by which we can find integral of a function. Here’s the Integration Formulas List. ∫ xn dx. x n + 1 n + 1.Vector Calculus. In Mathematics, Calculus is a branch that deals with the study of the rate of change of a function. Calculus plays an integral role in many fields such as Science, Engineering, Navigation, and so on. Generally, calculus is used to develop a Mathematical model to get an optimal solution. We know that calculus can be classified ...Integration is the algebraic method to find the integral for a function at any point on the graph. Finding the integral of some function with respect to some variable x means finding the area to the x-axis from the curve. Therefore, the integral is also called the anti-derivative because integrating is the reverse process of differentiating.We will follow BODMAS rule to perform operations as follows: Step 1: Simplify the terms inside ( ) to get 13+2 i.e. 15. Step 2: Divide the result by 5 , to get 3. Step 3: Multiply the result by -2 to get -6. Step-4: Add the result in 16 to get 10. Thus the final result is 10. Earlier this year, Mathematician Ian Stewart came out with an excellent and deeply researched book titled "In Pursuit of the Unknown: 17 Equations That Changed the World" that takes a look at the ... Calculus Math is commonly used in mathematical simulations to find the best solutions. It aids us in understanding the changes between values that are linked by a purpose. Calculus Math is mostly concerned with certain critical topics such as separation, convergence, limits, functions, and so on.

U haul moving and storage of old town yuma.

If i could have anything lyrics.

Jan 25, 2016 · Calculus. The formula given here is the definition of the derivative in calculus. The derivative measures the rate at which a quantity is changing. For example, we can think of velocity, or speed, as being the derivative of position - if you are walking at 3 miles (4.8 km) per hour, then every hour, you have changed your position by 3 miles. We will follow BODMAS rule to perform operations as follows: Step 1: Simplify the terms inside ( ) to get 13+2 i.e. 15. Step 2: Divide the result by 5 , to get 3. Step 3: Multiply the result by -2 to get -6. Step-4: Add the result in 16 to get 10. Thus the final result is 10.Find the equation for the tangent line to a curve by finding the derivative of the equation for the curve, then using that equation to find the slope of the tangent line at a given point. Finding the equation for the tangent line requires a...Differentiation Formulas d dx k = 0 (1) d dx [f(x)±g(x)] = f0(x)±g0(x) (2) d dx [k ·f(x)] = k ·f0(x) (3) d dx [f(x)g(x)] = f(x)g0(x)+g(x)f0(x) (4) d dx f(x) g(x ...From The Book: Pre-Calculus: 1001 Practice Problems For Dummies (+ Free Online Practice) Mathematical formulas are equations that are always true. You can use them in algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and many other mathematical applications, including pre-calculus. Refer to these formulas when you need a quick reminder of exactly what those ...What are the Important Formulas covered in Class 12 Maths? Some of the most important formulas covered in Class 12 maths are related to calculus, vector algebra, trigonometry and relations. All these important formulas are provided on this page. Students can also download and revise these class 12 formulas through the pdf link provided on this ...Very useful app for students. The app lists all the important Calculus formulas. Derivative formulas - Exponential, Logarithmic, Trigonometric, Inverse ...E=mc^2. For our first, we’ll take perhaps the most famous equation of all. Albert Einstein’s 1905 equation relating mass and energy is both elegant and superficially counterintuitive. It says that energy is equal to the mass of an object in its rest frame multiplied by the speed of light squared.Vector Calculus Formulas. Let us now learn about the different vector calculus formulas in this vector calculus pdf. The important vector calculus formulas are as follows: From the fundamental theorems, you can take, F(x,y,z)=P(x,y,z)i+Q(x,y,z)j+R(x,y,z)k . Fundamental Theorem of the Line IntegralOct 14, 2023 · Vector Calculus Formulas. Let us now learn about the different vector calculus formulas in this vector calculus pdf. The important vector calculus formulas are as follows: From the fundamental theorems, you can take, F(x,y,z)=P(x,y,z)i+Q(x,y,z)j+R(x,y,z)k . Fundamental Theorem of the Line Integral 1. The Pythagorean Theorem. This theorem is foundational to our understanding of geometry. It describes the relationship between the sides of a right triangle on a flat plane: square the lengths ... ….

It is an integral chapter containing a variety of important Maths formula for class 10 especially from the competitive exams point of view. Tabulated below are some of the formula of this chapter: Linear equation in one variable: ax +b =0 ; Linear equation in two variables: ax+ by+ c =0 ; Linear equation in three variables: ax+ by+ cz= 0And, yes, you have to "memorize" definitions. But, make sure you know why projecting a force gives you that formula. It will make it easier to "memorize". 1. Astroxique Physics • 2 yr. ago. As a university student, we are given a formula sheet and are not expected to memorize any of the formulas. Calculus. Calculus is one of the most important branches of mathematics that deals with rate of change and motion. The two major concepts that calculus is based on are derivatives and integrals. The derivative of a function is the measure of the rate of change of a function. It gives an explanation of the function at a specific point. 10 jul 2012 ... The Pythagorean Theorem · The logarithm and its identities · The fundamental theorem of calculus · Newton's universal law of gravitation · The ...Earlier this year, Mathematician Ian Stewart came out with an excellent and deeply researched book titled "In Pursuit of the Unknown: 17 Equations That Changed the World" that takes a look at the ...Integration Formulas. The branch of calculus where we study about integrals, accumulation of quantities and the areas under and between curves and their properties is known as Integral Calculus. Here are some formulas by which we can find integral of a function. ∫ adr = ax + C. ∫ 1 xdr = ln|x| + C. ∫ axdx = ex ln a + C. ∫ ln xdx = x ln ...Specific techniques are also applied to highlight important information in each section, including symbols interspersed throughout to further reader comprehension. In addition, …l = Slant height. The formula table depicts the 2D geometry formulas and 3D geometry formulas. SHAPES. FORMULAS. 1. Right Triangle. Pythagoras Theorem: base 2 + height 2 = hypotenuse 2. Area = ½ × base × height. Perimeter = base + height + hypotenuse. The basic math formulas can be used to solve simple questions or are required to build up more complicated formulas. Here is the list of some basic math formulas. Algebraic Identities: (a + b) 2 = a 2 + b 2 + 2ab, (a - b) 2 = a 2 + b 2 - 2ab, a 2 - b 2 = (a + b) (a - b) Pythagoras Theorem: perpendicular 2 + base 2 = hypotenuse 2. Important calculus formulas, Specific techniques are also applied to highlight important information in each section, including symbols interspersed throughout to further reader comprehension. In addition, …, Integration Formulas. The branch of calculus where we study about integrals, accumulation of quantities and the areas under and between curves and their properties is known as Integral Calculus. Here are some formulas by which we can find integral of a function. ∫ adr = ax + C. ∫ 1 xdr = ln|x| + C. ∫ axdx = ex ln a + C. ∫ ln xdx = x ln ..., Here are the various CAT Notes pdf’s covering almost all the CAT 2023/2024 formulas. Download this CAT maths formulas pdf’s and go through all the important formulae list. Take 3 Free CAT mock tests. Every year many questions of this exam can be easily solved by using these formulae sheets and basic maths aptitude formulas of CAT., We offer basic Mathematical formulas PDF free download for Class 6 to 12 CBSE Board, prepared by proficient teachers. The Mathematics formula PDF is available for all chapters in the latest CBSE syllabus. Maths formulas PDF enables students to complete the syllabus in a unique do-learn-do pattern of study. These Maths formulas helps students:, Calculus Formulas _____ The information for this handout was compiled from the following sources:, Maths formulas for class 8 list provided here consolidates all the important formulas that are required in class 8. These maths formulas will help students to solve questions easily and in a more effective way. Most of the students of class 8 feel that formulas are difficult to grasp and remember., Calculus in Maths deals with continuous change. Derivatives and integrals are the two most important parts of calculus. In other words, we can say that calculus is the study of the continuous …, CBSE Class 11 Physics Formula. Chapter 5 - Law of Motion Formulas. Chapter 6 - Work, Energy and Power Formulas. Chapter 7 - Systems of Particles and Rotational Motion Formulas. Chapter 8 - Gravitation Formulas. Chapter 9 - Mechanical Properties of Solids Formulas. Chapter 10 - Mechanical Properties of Fluids Formulas., If these values tend to some definite unique number as x tends to a, then that obtained a unique number is called the limit of f (x) at x = a. We can write it. limx→a f(x) For example. limx→2 f(x) = 5. Here, as x approaches 2, the limit of the function f (x) will be 5i.e. f (x) approaches 5. The value of the function which is limited and ..., Differential Calculus. Differential calculus deals with the rate of change of one quantity with respect to another. Or you can consider it as a study of rates of change of quantities. For example, velocity is the rate of change of distance with respect to time in a particular direction. If f (x) is a function, then f' (x) = dy/dx is the ... , If you wonder why maths is so important, and the impact that each major equation has wrought, read on to discover 10 revolutionary formulas to take your maths tuition to another level. There is, of course, no end to the number of mathematical formulas and expressions that exist (some might say the list is infinite!), but here we focus on some ..., It's easy to derive the formulas of calculus (once you learn how to do it). And even before calculus, you should be learning to derive formulas as you go. For …, 10 jul 2012 ... The Pythagorean Theorem · The logarithm and its identities · The fundamental theorem of calculus · Newton's universal law of gravitation · The ..., From The Book: Pre-Calculus: 1001 Practice Problems For Dummies (+ Free Online Practice) Mathematical formulas are equations that are always true. You can use them in algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and many other mathematical applications, including pre-calculus. Refer to these formulas when you need a quick reminder of exactly what those ..., Integration Formulas. The branch of calculus where we study about integrals, accumulation of quantities and the areas under and between curves and their properties is known as Integral Calculus. Here are some formulas by which we can find integral of a function. ∫ adr = ax + C. ∫ 1 xdr = ln|x| + C. ∫ axdx = ex ln a + C. ∫ ln xdx = x ln ..., Important note: We are assuming that the circuit has a constant voltage source, V. This equation does not apply if the voltage source is variable. The time constant in the case of an RC circuit is: τ = RC. The function …, Oct 13, 2023 · So, Mathematical Formulas are very important and necessary for doing maths. If you learn all math formulas, then it will be very easy for you to crack the exam. And, without remembering formula you can’t survive in this competitive exam world. Few Important things to Remember. Math section in a competitive exam is the most important part of ... , , 4. Quadratic Formula. x = − b ± b 2 − 4 a c 2 a. The quadratic formula helps you find the roots of a quadratic equation (parabola) if you can’t easily factor it. You need the quadratic to be in the form y = a x 2 + b x + c, and then you simply plug the coefficients and constants into the formula., Formulas form an important part of linear algebra as they help to simplify computations. The key to solving any problem in linear algebra is to understand the formulas and associated concepts rather than memorize them. The important linear algebra formulas can be broken down into 3 categories, namely, linear equations, vectors, and matrices., If these values tend to some definite unique number as x tends to a, then that obtained a unique number is called the limit of f (x) at x = a. We can write it. limx→a f(x) For example. limx→2 f(x) = 5. Here, as x approaches 2, the limit of the function f (x) will be 5i.e. f (x) approaches 5. The value of the function which is limited and ..., x = c is a relative (or local) minimum of ( x ) if f ( c ) £ f ( x ) for all x near c. Fermat’s Theorem If f ( x ) has a relative (or local) extrema at = c , then x = c is a critical point of f ( x ) . Extreme Value Theorem If f ( x ) is continuous on the closed interval [ a , b ] then there exist numbers c and d so that,, Substitution with Indefinite Integrals. Let u = g ( x), where g ′ ( x) is continuous over an interval, let f ( x) be continuous over the corresponding range of g, and let F ( x) be an …, List of Important Maths Formulas. Mathematics has varied sub-field ranging from the number system to complex calculus. Each topic has its one set of formulas which make it easy to solve the problems. Different topics in mathematics and respective formulas are below. Number System Formulas. Number system is the study of different types of numbers., Integration is a method to find definite and indefinite integrals. The integration of a function f (x) is given by F (x) and it is represented by: where. R.H.S. of the equation indicates integral of f (x) with respect to x. F (x) is called anti-derivative or primitive. f (x) is called the integrand. dx is called the integrating agent., The most important algebraic math formulas to know for are the ones for slope, slope-intercept form, midpoint, and the ever-famous quadratic formula. These four formulas are needed in each year of high school mathematics. A Grade Ahead offers classes to help students master these formulas in Algebra 1., Learn Math Formulas from a handpicked tutor in LIVE 1-to-1 classes. Get Started. Sequences and Series Formulas. ... List some Important Sequences and Series Formulas. The sequences and series formulas for different types are tabulated below: Arithmetic: Sequence formula of the n th term: a n = a + (n - 1) d: Series formula for the …, Permutation Formulas: n P r = n! / (n – r)! Combination Formula: n C r = n!/[r!(n−r)!] Binomial Theorem is another formula that is of the utmost importance for students in class 11. Algebra Formulas for Class 12. The important formulas for students in class 12 include vector algebra formulas. These formulas are discussed below,, 2 feb 2023 ... The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 2, is perhaps the most important theorem in calculus. ... Calculus, Part 2 (Equation 5.3.2):. ∫91x−1 ..., Calculus is a branch of mathematics that studies phenomena involving change along dimensions, such as time, force, mass, length and temperature., For each given function f (x), do the following: (i) find the derivative function f ′(x) using the limit definition of derivatives; (ii) find f ′(a) at the given point a; (iii) find an equation of the tangent line to the graph of y = f (x) at the point x 0 = a (give the answer in the "y = mx + b" form); (iv) find an equation of the ..., Here are the various CAT Notes pdf’s covering almost all the CAT 2023/2024 formulas. Download this CAT maths formulas pdf’s and go through all the important formulae list. Take 3 Free CAT mock tests. Every year many questions of this exam can be easily solved by using these formulae sheets and basic maths aptitude formulas of CAT., Equation of a plane A point r (x, y, z)is on a plane if either (a) r bd= jdj, where d is the normal from the origin to the plane, or (b) x X + y Y + z Z = 1 where X,Y, Z are the intercepts on the axes. Vector product A B = n jAjjBjsin , where is the angle between the vectors and n is a unit vector normal to the plane containing A and B in the direction for which A, B, n form …