Hematitic sandstone

The ore grades laterally into hematitic conglomerate or hematitic sandstone. The sediments of the Yampi Formation were deposited near a shoreline where iron-rich heavy minerals were concentrated on a beach or nearshore bar by prolonged reworking. Mines on Koolan and Cockatoo Islands have been in production since 1951, while the deposits on ...

Hematitic sandstone. Most towering Chuckanut sandstone buildings from the quarry's heyday have disappeared. Bearing an onion-domed clock tower, the 1891 Lighthouse Block on Cornwall and Holly hosted banks and ...

Natural hematitic sandstone samples show abnormal electrical behaviour. Mixture laws such as Maxwell- Wagner and Bruggeman laws can not describe these abnormal electrical behaviour.

VML 312 Grayish-red, hematitic sandstone; lower Rose Hill Formation. VML 400 Light-gray, fine-grained sandstone; Tuscarora Quartzite. VML 401 Grayish-red, medium- to coarse-grained, hematitic sandstone, weathered surface; Rose Hill Formation. Sp. G. 3.01. VML 402 Fractured, grayish-red, hematitic sandstone, limoniteShale is the most common sedimentary rock, accounting for about 70 percent of the rock in the Earth's crust. Shale is a fine-grained rock made from compacted mud and clay. The defining characteristic of shale is its ability to break into layers or fissility. Black and gray shale are common, but the rock can occur in any color.Sandstone. Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized mineral particles or rock fragments. It is a common rock type that is found all around the world, often forming in areas where there is a lot of sand accumulation, such as in deserts, riverbeds, or coastal areas. The mineral composition of sandstone can vary …This paper is devoted to study the effect of saturation, with distilled water, on AC electrical conductivity and dielectric constant of a fully and partially saturated hematitic sandstone sample ...17 Nis 2013 ... The most common cements are quartz, calcite, clay minerals, and hematite, although other minerals like pyrite, gypsum, and barite can also form ...purplish hematitic sandstone (Quirt, l 998a). The first occurrence of pervasive green colouration is just below the MFc-MFbl contact, at a depth of312.8 m, where greenish sandstone occurs in bleached material adjacent to purplish hematitic sandstone, and in bands entirely within bleached, off-white intervals. NumerousMiddle Keefer* Gray, fine to coarse grained, fossiliferous, sandstone which is 40’ locally hematitic Sil. Rose Hill Light olive gray, shale, calcareous in upper part; grayish red, fine 950’ to coarse grained, hematitic sandstone near top Tuscarora* Light gray, fine to medium grained quartz sandstoneSandstone deposition where terrigenous clastic sedimentation was higher: F3: Stromatolite-bearing flaser-bedded chert grainstone: Chemical mud-draped, ripple cross-laminated, hematitic grainstone. Common stromatolites. Mudstones near stromatolites are hematitic whereas those away contain magnetite, greenalite, and stilpnomelane.

Dec 7, 2021 · A hematitic sandstone mixture gives an abnormally high dielectric permittivity and conductivity behavior. Mixture laws are unable to justify this abnormal behavior. On the other hand, the effective medium theory expresses an unusual approach to this issue. HOLE_ID D_FROM D_TO GEOLOGY GOP030 0 6 weathered limestone GOP030 6 34 South Curra Limestone GOP030 34 35 Pyritic grit and conglomerate GOP030 35 37 Graphitic shear. Curra Break?Geochemical classification of terrigenous sands and shales after Herron (1988) Geochemical classification of terrigenous sands and shales is the title of M. Herron’s paper in 1988. The scheme was developed for classifying sandstones and shales based on their geochemical composition, which could be determined from log data of at the time …Gomaa MM (2008) Relation between electric properties and water saturation for hematitic sandstone with frequency. Ann Geophys 51(5/6):801–811. Google Scholar Gomaa MM (2009) Saturation effect on electrical properties of hematitic sandstone in the audio frequency range using non-polarizing electrodes. Geophys Prospect 57:1091–1100What colors the sandstone red7 The red color is caused by a union of iron and oxy- gen (an iron oxide) known as hematite (Fe20 3 ), a mineral named from the ...(sandstone with subordinate shale) and Vitakri (red muds, greyish white sandstone and some carbonaceous shale and coal) formations. The Paleocene Sangiali group represents Sangiali (limestone, glauconitic sandstone and shale), Rakhi Gaj (Girdu member, glauconitic and hematitic sandstone;Cycle bases are composed of laminated hematite (Figs. 2, 3A, and 3B) or fl aser-bedded hematitic sandstone that grades into hematite-rich oncoid rudstone (Figs. 2 and 3A). Hematite in the ...Industrially, sandstone is used as a raw material for manufacturing and in construction. Naturally, sandstone functions as an aquifer and as a reservoir for oil and gas. Sandstone is composed of rock or organic material and sand-sized miner...

Ridgely Sandstone Member of the Oriskany Formation: Rockdale Run Chert: Ranges from a light to medium gray. Northeastern West Virginia: Rockdale Run Limestone Formation of the Beekmantown Group: Rose Hill Quartzite AKA: Ferruginous Quartzite, Hematitic Sandstone : R anges in color from a brownish purple to a medium purple or a blood red.The shales and hematitic sandstones are distinctive and permit ready identification of the unit. The hematitic sandstone is bounded above and below by greenishgray to red shale with thin gray sandstone interbeds, some of which have - abundant brachiopod fossils. Ripple marks are common on the sandstone beds. The Rose Hill Formation isSand and pure hematite is smashed independently and aggregated (hematite were collected from Eastern Desert, Cairo, Egypt). Electrical parameters were …Limonitic or Hematitic (Ferruginous) Lithic Sandstone: Limonitic or Hematitic (Ferruginous) Arkose: Limonitic or Hematitic (Ferruginous) Graywacke Limonitic or Hematitic …Composed of a Paleoproterozoic Statherian -age (1,600 to 1,800 million years old) sedimentary sequence of quartz sandstone, hematitic sandstone, feldspathic …Some of the incipiently altered sandstone also appears green, whereas unaltered material and white-altered sandstone appear as blue to cyan colors. Therefore, the composite image is useful in discriminating hematitic sandstone from goethitic sandstone. At high densities (>65%), vegetation masks the sandstones on the color ratio composite image.

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The Paleocene Sangiali group represents Sangiali (limestone, glauconitic sandstone and shale), Rakhi Gaj (Girdu member, glauconitic and hematitic sandstone; Bawata member, alternation of shale and ...Limonitic or Hematitic (Ferruginous) Lithic Sandstone: Limonitic or Hematitic (Ferruginous) Arkose: Limonitic or Hematitic (Ferruginous) Graywacke Limonitic or Hematitic …The term ‘hematite’ itself might not be familiar to everyone, but its rusty red color definitely is. Sandstones are often reddish. This is because sand grains are coated with fine-grained hematitic powder. If soil is reddish, then it is also because of hematite. Even red granite owes its color to this mineral.Formation (Fig.1) which consists of dark (graphitic), green (chloritic) and red (hematitic) mudstone, siltstone, sandstone and intercalated meta-volcaniclastic rocks. The mineralized zones are ...The Paleocene Sangiali group represents Sangiali (limestone, glauconitic sandstone and shale), Rakhi Gaj (Girdu member, glauconitic and hematitic sandstone; Bawata member, alternation of shale and ...monly amalgamated, sandstones which have resulted from deposition out of high-density turbidity currents. Subor­ dinate lithologies include volcaniclastic conglomerate, Sig, 13' siltstone, red hematitic sandstone and siltstone, and tuff. Depositional cyclicity is evidenced by numerous, both

... sandstones and between sandstone-type deposits and other types. Most deposits ... hematitic matrix. 4.2. Paleogeography of the Tchirezrine 2 Formation. After ...Download scientific diagram | Limestone of Chat Member overlies the Sohnari Member sandstone (A), hematitic sandstone and loose purple sandstone (B), fractured shale layers at Jhimpir section (C ...The Bigrlyi deposit is a tabular, sandstone-hosted, uranium–vanadium deposit of Carboniferous age located in the Ngalia Basin of central Australia. The deposit is similar to the continental, fluvial Saltwash-type of sandstone-hosted U-V deposits which are well known from the Colorado Plateau, USA. Most mineralization at Bigrlyi occurs as thin, …An example is drill hole SAE4, which passed through the unconformity into 78 m of alternating quartz-hematite, red hematitic brecciated shale and sandstone, ...Hematitic sandstone was never colonized at a rate greater than limestone, but quartz was always colonized more rapidly than calcite. The use of single-crystal minerals (quartz and calcite) in a nested factor experiment showed that the effect of the minerals on colonization was statistically significant, but that differences among the ...partly hematitic sandstone; sparse thin interbedded gray shaly siltstone. 160. Dark-gray and brown carbonaceous shale and very thin interbedded gray very fine grained calcareous partly limonitic sandstone. 161. Dark-gray and brown silty carbonaceous shale. 162. Gray very fine grained sandstone; scattered hematite concretions in the upper 3 feet ...Interpretation of electrical properties for humid and saturated hematitic sandstone sample. In: 68th conference and exhibition incorporating SPE Europe: European association of geoscientists and ...fine-grained, well-induratad quartz sandstone or quartzite. It is generally thick-bedded to massive and extremely re-sistant to erosion. According to Butts (1940) the Tusca-rora conforrnably overlies the Ordovician Juniata Formation, and is conformably overlain by the hematitic sandstones

Carved by Keith Phillips. Though the industry is gone, Tenino's sandstone heritage lives on through the work of master stone carver Keith Phillips, 71, who uses traditional hand tools to carve stone quarried from the last of Tenino's three quarries. At a modest workshop known as The Shed, he is passing on his skills to a new generation of ...

Description Brittle quartz sandstone, dark blood red, fine to coarse grained, hematite cemented. Quality of this material is widely varied from extremely high quality that glistens, to poor quality that was seldom used. This material is sometimes mistakenly referred to as hematitic sandstone.1. Introduction. 18 O/ 16 O ratios of natural materials are widely used as proxies for geologic, biologic and hydrologic processes. 17 O is another, less utilized, stable isotope of oxygen whose abundance relative to 18 O and 16 O is often described as a departure from a reference line with a slope close to 0.5 on a triple oxygen isotope plot …Hold a piece of hematite in each hand, close your eyes, and take three deep breaths. As you breathe, visualize yourself as a tall, strong tree. See the roots of the …Hematitic sand and sandstones are mainly consisting of quartz but these quartz grains have an intense pink, orange or red color. The coloring agent in this sand is volumetrically insignificant - it is hematite (oxide of iron) that forms very thin rust-colored pigment on larger silicate grains.The hematite concretions on Mars aka Martian “blueberries” (informal name) are small (2–5 mm), highly spheroidal features that are abundant in sedimentary strata of …The color of most red and brown rock, such as sandstone, is caused by small amounts of Hematite. It is also be responsible for the red color of many minerals. Non-crystalline forms of Hematite may be transformation s of the mineral Limonite that lost water, possibly due to heat. Chemical Formula. Fe2O3. For the pore-fluids of sandstone, dissolved iron ions that end up at the concretion surface must navigate a path involving only pore space. The ion diffusion coefficient is given by Iversen and Jørgensen (1993) as (6) D i = D i 0 1 + n ( 1 − ϕ ) where n = 2 for sandy sediments, D i 0 is the diffusion coefficient for a dilute solution and ϕ ...16 Nis 2019 ... ... sandstone with more than 90% quartz [40]. Ferruginous sandstone is a sandstone with more than 15 percent of iron oxides (e.g., hematite).The sandstone cement is characterized by pore-lining hematite, pore-filling berthierine and intergrowths of hematite, berthierine and quartz. These cements postdate …27 Ara 2020 ... The hematite acts as a cement to hold the rock together and helps make it resistant to erosion (Figures 2 and 3). But in some places the Navajo ...

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The meaning of HEMATITE is a reddish-brown to black mineral consisting of ferric oxide, constituting an important iron ore, and occurring in crystals or as earthy red ocher.VML 312 Grayish-red, hematitic sandstone; lower Rose Hill Formation. VML 400 Light-gray, fine-grained sandstone; Tuscarora Quartzite. VML 401 Grayish-red, medium- to coarse-grained, hematitic sandstone, weathered surface; Rose Hill Formation. Sp. G. 3.01. VML 402 Fractured, grayish-red, hematitic sandstone, limoniteRocks analyzed include sandstone, shale, and limestone and a brief descrip­ tion of each rock sample is included. Localities for all samples are given in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates. INTRODUCTION The analyses presented in this report (Table 1) are of 29 stream-Inferred low-grade iron resources in the hematitic sandstone of the Rose Hill Formation of Middle Silurian age may total as much as 125 ft in beds 1-20 ft thick, interlayered with more than 100 ft of shale and nonhema­ titic sandstone. The hematitic beds locally contain 28 percent iron but average only 15 percent iron. TheySedimentary rock - Clastic, Chemical, Organic: There are many different systems of classifying sandstones, but the most commonly used schemes incorporate both texture (the presence and amount of either interstitial matrix—i.e., clasts with diameters finer than 0.03 millimetre—or chemical cement) and mineralogy (the relative amount of quartz and the …The remaining 20% consists mainly of pink hematitic crystallized tuff, a result of vapor-phase crystallization, and of tan and red ferruginous shale and siltstone. Discrimination of this unaltered tuff from the altered rocks may be possible in the 2.2 ..mu..m region because this absorption band is absent in the tuff spectra.UK /ˈhiːmətʌɪt/hematite (US English)nouna reddish-black mineral consisting of ferric oxide. It is an important ore of ironExamplesThe red sandstone is made ...Inferred low-grade iron resources in the hematitic sandstone of the Rose Hill Formation of Middle Silurian age may total as much as 125 ft in beds 1-20 ft thick, interlayered with more than 100 ft of shale and nonhema­ titic sandstone. The hematitic beds locally contain 28 percent iron but average only 15 percent iron. Theyhematitic sandstone, 5) an even-bedded sandstone, and 6) a laminated, calcitic sandstone. The basal, cross-bedded sand-stone and the burrowed sandstone occur in the lower Hickory. The middle Hickory is the siltstone facies. The upper Hickory consists of the hematitic sandstone, the even-bedded sand-stone, and the laminated, calcitic sandstone.Sandstones of the Juniata, Tuscarora, and Keefer Formations form cliffs, ridges and steep dip slopes. The distinctive hematitic sandstone beds of the Rose Hill Formation cover any dip slopes with red sandstone blocks. Other formations are less well exposed and form lower slopes and valleys. Study Area. Publication type: Report:Hematitic sand and sandstones are mainly consisting of quartz but these quartz grains have an intense pink, orange or red color. The coloring agent in this sand is volumetrically insignificant – it is hematite (oxide of iron) that forms very thin rust-colored pigment on larger silicate grains. Most towering Chuckanut sandstone buildings from the quarry's heyday have disappeared. Bearing an onion-domed clock tower, the 1891 Lighthouse Block on Cornwall and Holly hosted banks and ... ….

Sandstone (Cambrian), a stream and lake deposit; and many of the youngest (Pennsylvanian), which include sandstones (stream-channels), shales (floodplains), and coals (swamps).Dec 7, 2021 · A hematitic sandstone mixture gives an abnormally high dielectric permittivity and conductivity behavior. Mixture laws are unable to justify this abnormal behavior. On the other hand, the effective medium theory expresses an unusual approach to this issue. Natural hematitic sandstone samples show abnormal electrical behaviour. Mixture laws such as Maxwell- Wagner and Bruggeman laws can not describe these abnormal electrical behaviour.Cycle bases are composed of laminated hematite (Figs. 2, 3A, and 3B) or fl aser-bedded hematitic sandstone that grades into hematite-rich oncoid rudstone (Figs. 2 and 3A). Hematite in the ...included. Rocks analysed are mostly sandstone. Samples of hematitic sandstone of the Rose Hill Formation and limonite-cemented sandstone of the Rocky Gap Sand­ stone contain high values of iron; these rocks are submarginal iron resources. Some of the same iron-rich samples have a little more barium, copper, cobalt, lead, silver,This paper presents a comparative study of the effect of electrode contact impedance on A.C. electrical properties of a partially and fully saturated hematitic sandstone sample. The electrical properties of the sample were first measured using stainless steel electrodes with high contact impedance, and measured again with a four …Hold a piece of hematite in each hand, close your eyes, and take three deep breaths. As you breathe, visualize yourself as a tall, strong tree. See the roots of the …The fine laminae, <0.2–1 mm thick, show a strong colour contrast between the grey-green of the chloritic mudstone and the dark brown of the hematitic sandstone, allowing a detailed study of the sedimentary structures in polished cross-section. Hematitic sandstone, Sandstone. Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized mineral particles or rock fragments. It is a common rock type that is found all around the world, often forming in areas where there is a lot of sand accumulation, such as in deserts, riverbeds, or coastal areas. The mineral composition of sandstone can vary …, Oolite or oölite (from Ancient Greek ᾠόν (ōión) 'egg stone') [1] is a sedimentary rock formed from ooids, spherical grains composed of concentric layers. [2] Strictly, oolites consist of ooids of diameter 0.25–2 millimetres; rocks composed of ooids larger than 2 mm are called pisolites. The term oolith can refer to oolite or individual ..., ABSTRACT Understanding petrographical, geochemical and electrical properties of rocks is essential for investigating minerals. This paper presents a study of the petrographical, geochemical and A.C. electrical properties of carbonate rock samples. The samples collected show six lithostratigraphic rock units. Electrical properties were measured using a non‐polarizing electrode at room ..., Picture and description of a large sandstone grinding stone that was used to grind red ochre from hematite and make plummets., The shales and hematitic sandstones are distinctive and permit ready identification of the unit. The hematitic sandstone is bounded above and below by greenishgray to red shale with thin gray sandstone interbeds, some of which have - abundant brachiopod fossils. Ripple marks are common on the sandstone beds. The Rose Hill Formation is, Tapeats Sandstone (GRCA 8603 and GRCA 8604, both deaccessioned) and one from Pla teau Point (GRCA 8605 — deaccessioned), all of which he attributed to worms. On September 9, 1955, Adolph, Sandstone is composed of sand-sized (0.0625…2 mm) mineral grains, rock fragments, or pieces of fossils which are held together by a mineral cement. It grades into siltstone, shale or mudstone (grains less than 0.0625 mm in diameter) and conglomerate (or breccia if the clasts are angular) if the average grain-size exceeds 2 mm 1., Laminated tuffaceous hematitic sandstone Pt8. This petrographic lithotype is recorded in the middle part of the third cycle. It consists of rhythmic alternating bands of green celadonitic siltstone parallel to reddish green slightly hematitic celadonitic siltstone (Fig. 6c). The slightly hematitized laminae consists mainly of quartz grains ..., Chemical names for rust include iron oxide, ferric oxide and hematite. The substance is also known by its chemical formula, Fe2O3, which represents the two elements–iron and oxygen–that compose rust., Sand and pure hematite is smashed independently and aggregated (hematite were collected from Eastern Desert, Cairo, Egypt). Electrical parameters were …, and fully saturated hematitic sandstone sample (Aswan area, Egypt) in the frequency range from 0.1 Hz to 100 KHz. This geological mate-Relation between electric properties and water saturation for hematitic sandstone with frequency Mohamed Mahmoud Gomaa National Research Centre, Geophysical Sciences Dep., El-Tahrir St. Dokki, 12311, Egypt, It is dominantly a hematitic quartz sandstone with subordinate graywaeke, siltstone, and shale. Sand grains are well rounded and are typically cemented with ..., and fully saturated hematitic sandstone sample (Aswan area, Egypt) in the frequency range from 0.1 Hz to 100 KHz. This geological mate-Relation between electric properties and water saturation for hematitic sandstone with frequency Mohamed Mahmoud Gomaa National Research Centre, Geophysical Sciences Dep., El-Tahrir St. Dokki, 12311, Egypt, 2-m chip sample, hematitic sandstone, sp gr 2,99, LIMONITIC SANDSTONE (Oriskany iron ore) 2 VOA 032 VDA 047 VOA 04!1 VDA 052 VOA 053 VOA 055 VOA 059 VOA 256 ..., Electrical measurements were taken to define the weight of these variations. Water saturation effect (partially and fully) on electrical characteristics of loose clayey sandstone samples was ..., of hematitic sandstone of the Rose Hill Formation and limonite-cemented sandstone of the Rocky Gap Sandstone contain high values of iron; these rocks are submarginal iron resources. Some of the same iron-rich samples have a little more barium, copper, cobalt, lead, silver, and/or zinc then is in average sandstone, but they, Demagnetization results show that hematitic, fine-grained sandstone to siltstone intervals carry a geologically stable magnetization with directions and polarity …, coarse-grained, brown sandstone in massively to thinly bedded intervals. It is followed by 25 feet of dark red, hematitic sandstone which contains abundant fragmentary phosphatic brachiopods and well-rounded sand grains. Below this interval the sand grains are mostly rough, angular to subrounded, and poorly sorted., For the pore-fluids of sandstone, dissolved iron ions that end up at the concretion surface must navigate a path involving only pore space. The ion diffusion coefficient is given by Iversen and Jørgensen (1993) as (6) D i = D i 0 1 + n ( 1 − ϕ ) where n = 2 for sandy sediments, D i 0 is the diffusion coefficient for a dilute solution and ϕ ..., Hematitic sandstone was never colonized at a rate greater than limestone, but quartz was always colonized more rapidly than calcite. The use of single-crystal minerals (quartz and calcite) in a nested factor experiment showed that the effect of the minerals on colonization was statistically significant, but that differences among the immersion ..., The term 'hematite' itself might not be familiar to everyone, but its rusty red color definitely is. Sandstones are often reddish. This is because sand grains are coated with fine-grained hematitic powder. If soil is reddish, then it is also because of hematite. Even red granite owes its color to this mineral., Hematitic sandstone was never colonized at a rate greater than limestone, but quartz was always colonized more rapidly than calcite. The use of single-crystal minerals (quartz and calcite) in a nested factor experiment showed that the effect of the minerals on colonization was statistically significant, but that differences among the ..., Calcareous Lithic Sandstone: Calcareous Arkose: Calcareous Subgraywacke: Iron Minerals Chiefly: Limonite, Siderite, Goethite, Chamosite, Hematite: Limonitic or Hematitic (Ferruginous) Quartz Sandstone: Limonitic or Hematitic (Ferruginous) Feldspathic Sandstone: Limonitic or Hematitic (Ferruginous) Lithic Sandstone , The electrical response of hematitic sandstone samples was measured at different hematitic sandstone concentrations. The heterogeneity and randomness are a very big problem that control (the dominant) the electrical properties of the samples., Download scientific diagram | Limestone of Chat Member overlies the Sohnari Member sandstone (A), hematitic sandstone and loose purple sandstone (B), fractured shale layers at Jhimpir section (C ..., Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) silicate grains. Sandstones comprise about 20–25% of all sedimentary rocks.. Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar (both silicates) because they are the most resistant minerals to weathering processes at the Earth's surface., A mineral survey of the Mountain Lake Wilderness Study Area, Virginia concluded that the area contains folded and faulted clastic sedimentary rocks of Paleozoic age that have a substantiated iron resource potential and abundant rock suitable for construction materials. The area has an estimated 1000 million long tons of inferred low-grade iron resources in …, Interpretation of electrical properties for humid and saturated hematitic sandstone sample. In: 68th conference and exhibition incorporating SPE Europe: European association of geoscientists and ..., PDF | Summary Natural rocks are mixtures of different, randomly distributed, constituents with multigrain size and shape. Natural hematitic sandstone... | Find, read and cite all the research you ..., pebbly, hematitic sandstone and pebble conglomerate (Wells, 1972: 6), originally deposited in a shallow marine environment. There is a small fault in the region of the mine and, although the geological map shows horizontal bedding, the mine entrance slopes down at approximately 25° in apparent conformity with the, Samples of limestone and hematitic sandstone (a Fe 20 3 cemented quartz sand) were used to determine if rocks differing in mineral composition were colonized at different rates. Chips were suspended for 24 days in Riopel Pond and in Mountain Lake at the Mountain Lake Biological Station of the University of Virginia. During that, 2-m chip sample, hematitic sandstone, sp gr 2,99, LIMONITIC SANDSTONE (Oriskany iron ore) 2 VOA 032 VDA 047 VOA 04!1 VDA 052 VOA 053 VOA 055 VOA 059 VOA 256 ..., The area has an estimated 340 million long tons of inferred low-grade iron resources in hematitic sandstone that may average as much as 20 percent iron, or 68 million long tons of contained iron. Structural conditions favorable for hydrocarbon accumulation appear to be absent beneath the area. PETERS MOUNTAIN WILDERNESS STUDY AREA, VIRGINIA.