Ap chemistry 2019 frq answers

AP® Chemistry Sample Student Responses Author: College Board Subject: 2019 AP Exam Administration: Student Samples & Commentary Keywords: teacher resources; exam resources; exam information; scoring information; score rationale; Sample Student Responses and Scoring Commentary from the 2019 Exam Administration; ADA Created Date: 12/14/2022 4:35 ...

Ap chemistry 2019 frq answers. AP ® Chemistry Scoring Guidelines ... Long Answer 10 points ... Scoring Guidelines; scoring information; free-response scoring criteria; scoring resources; FRQ ...

General Notes About 2019 AP Physics Scoring Guidelines 1. The solutions contain the most common method of solving the free-response questions and the allocation of ... 3. Generally, double penalty for errors is avoided. For example, if an incorrect answer to part (a) is correctly substituted into an otherwise correct solution to part (b), full ...

Exam Format. As you know, the FRQ section on the AP Chem exam is 7 questions long (3 long, 4 short answer questions). You will have 1 hour and 45 minutes to complete the section. Your score on this section equates to 50% of your total exam score. Here is a clip of Dylan Black, a chemistry streamer, going over the format of the exam …2019 Q1. 2019 Q1. Gibbs Free Energy 吉布斯自由能. Gibbs Free Energy. entropy; enthalpy; gibbs free energy. H>0: endothermic reaction; H<0: exothermic reaction. S>0: less order; S<0: more order. G>0: not a spontaneous reaction (外界需要对它做功); G<0: a spontaneous reaction (需要对外界做功) Sample Question.AP Classroom Question Bank is a powerful online resource that allows you to create customized practice tests for your AP Chemistry students. You can choose from thousands of questions aligned to the course and exam framework, adjust the difficulty level, and add your own feedback. AP Classroom Question Bank helps you prepare your students for the AP Chemistry exam with confidence and ease.AP ® Chemistry 2021 Free-Response Questions . Begin your response to . QUESTION 1 . on this page. CHEMISTRY . SECTION II . Time—1 hour and 45 minutes 7 Questions . YOU MAY USE YOUR CALCULATOR FOR THIS SECTION. Directions: Questions 1–3 are long free-response questions that require about 23 minutes each to answer and are worth 10 points each.The AP Chemistry exam assesses your ability to understand science practices in relation to four big ideas: scale, proportion and quantity; structure and properties; transformations; and energy. The exam is 3 hours and 15 minutes long and is comprised of two separate sections: Section I: Multiple Choice Questions. 60 questions.

This work is not endorsed by the College Board. It is my own personal interpretation.Link to a blank Test file: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1S8fp59jBKfSv...WK Number 2 Atomic Structure Chemistry 1 Worksheet Assignment with answers; ... 2019 frq chem exam - Chemistry. Chemistry. University StuDocu University. Course. Chemistry. 999+ Documents. Students shared 1090 documents in this course. ... AP ® Chemistry Scoring Guidelines 2019CHEMISTRY . Section II . 7 Questions . Time—1 hour and 45 minutes . YOU MAY USE YOUR CALCULATOR FOR THIS SECTION. Directions: Questions 1–3 are long free-response questions that require about 23 minutes each to answer and are worth 10 points each. Questions 4–7 are short free-response questions that require about 9 minutes …The AP Chemistry Exam will test your understanding of the scientific concepts covered in the course units, as well as your ability to design and describe chemical experiments. Starting with the 2023 exam, a scientific or graphing calculator is recommended for use on both sections of the exam. You will be provided with a periodic table and a ...50 AP Chemistry Exam. AP Chemistry Exam Regularly Scheduled Exam Date: Thursday morning, May 9, 2019 Late-Testing Exam Date: Wednesday afternoon, May 22, 2019. Section I Total Time: 1 hour and 30 minutes Number of Questions: 50 (The number of questions may vary slightly depending on the form of the exam.)2019 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 1 C 2 H 5 OH ( l) + 3 O 2 ( g) → 2 CO 2 ( g) + 3 H 2 O ( g) D Hcomb = −1270 kJ/mol rxn Ethanol,C 2 H 5 OH, will combust in air according to …AP Chemistry Exam 50 AP Chemistry Exam Regularly Scheduled Exam Date: Thursday morning, May 9, 2019 Late-Testing Exam Date: Wednesday afternoon, May 22, 2019 Section I Total Time: 1 hour and 30 minutes Number of Questions: ± 0 (The number of questions may vary slightly depending on the form of the exam.) Calculator …

CHEMISTRY . Section II 7 Questions . Time—90 minutes YOU MAY USE YOUR CALCULATOR FOR THIS SECTION. Directions: Questions 1–3 are long free-response questions that require about 20 minutes each to answer and are worth 10 points each. Questions 4–7 are short free-response questions that require about 7 minutes each to …-4- CHEMISTRY Section II Time—1 hour and 45 minutes 7 Questions YOU MAY USE YOUR CALCULATOR FOR THIS SECTION. Directions: Questions 1-3 are long free-response questions that require about 23 minutes each to answer and are worth 10 points each.AP FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONS – ACIDS/BASES 1996 A HOCl ↔ OCl–+ H+ Hypochlorous acid, HOCl, is a weak acid commonly used as a bleaching agent. The acid–dissociation constant, K a, for the reaction represented above is 3.2×10–8. (a) Calculate the [H+] of a 0.14–molar solution of HOCl.AP Central is the official online home for the AP Program: apcentral.collegeboard.org. Page 2. AP® CHEMISTRY. 2019 SCORING GUIDELINES. © 2019 The College Board ...

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scoring guidelines; 2019 AP exam administration; teacher resources; exam resources; exam practice; exam scoring information; exam preparation; course preparation; AP Chemistry Scoring Guidelines from the 2019 Exam AdminiL | YÍ_r d1 sP+©q ?)°í ³ c$ Created Date: 7/14/2019 2:00:01 PMAP Chem 2013.pdf. Report. Share. Download. Note: This document is not a complete practice exam. Rather, it is a compilation of questions from the 2013 AP Chemistry International Exam that support the learning objectives of the redesigned AP course. Questions that do not support this course have been removed. This publication may be …Circle your answer below. Justify your answer and include a calculation of E ° for the overall reaction. H O (aq) Na S O (aq) Na S O (aq) [Na S O (aq) should be circled.] The reaction between S O (aq) and I (s) will be thermodynamically favorable because or the reaction is positive ( = 0.54 0.08 = +0.46 V), from which itCollege Boar d, Ad vanced Placement, AP, AP Centr al, and t he acorn logo ar e regist ered tr ademarks of the College Boar d. Visit the Colleg e Board on the web: colleg eboard.or g.

AP Chemistry 2021 FRQs - Answers. c) Lewis structure is a carboxylic acid; double bond on top O atom, all other bonds single bonds, two lone pairs should be on both O atoms. d) ii) HCOOH has a Ka that is larger in magnitude than the Kb of H2NNH2. Therefore, the resulting combination should be acidic with a pH less than 7.AP ® Chemistry Sample Student Responses and Scoring Commentary Inside: Free Response Question 1 ... For the correct answer and a valid justification: Accept one of the following: x. Yes. The oxidation number of hydrogen changes from +1 in HCOOH to zero in H. 2. x. Yes. The oxidation number of carbon changes from +2 in HCOOH to +4 in COOne point is earned for the answer (including the unit K). (c) Calculate the standard enthalpy change, ΔH ... AP® CHEMISTRY 2007 SCORING GUIDELINES + AP ...AP Central is the official online home for the AP Program: apcentral.collegeboard.org. Title: Chemistry Scoring Guidelines 2015 Author: ETS Subject: Chemistry Scoring Guidelines 2015 Keywords Created Date:AP® MACROECONOMICS 2019 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 1 (continued) One point is earned for showing a rightward shift in the money supply curve, resulting in a lower nominal interest rate. (e) 2 points One point is earned for drawing a correctly labeled graph of the foreign exchange market for theAP Chemistry free-response: students generally scored well on Q1 (urea) and Q4 (KMT & gas laws – carbon dioxide), and found Q3 (analysis sodium carbonate ...AP® CHEMISTRY 2017 SCORING GUIDELINES . Question . 2 Answer the following questions about the isomers fulminic acid and isocyanic acid. Two possible Lewis electron-dot diagrams for fulminic acid, HCNO, are shown below. .. .. H-C==N-0: H-C=N=O= (a) Explain why the diagram on the left is the better representation for the bonding in fulminic acid.Download free-response questions from past AP Chemistry exams, along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. Answer the following questions about the isomers fulminic acid and isocyanic acid. Two possible Lewis electron-dot diagrams for fulminic acid, HCNO, are shown below. ... Free-Response Questions from the 2017 AP Chemistry Exam ; Chemistry; Free-Response Questions; 2017; exam resources; exam information; teaching resources; exam practice ...

2019 AP ® CHEMISTRY FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS . GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -5-CHEMISTRY . Section II . Time—1 hour and 45 minutes . 7 Questions . YOU MAY USE YOUR CALCULATOR FOR THIS SECTION. Directions: Questions 1–3 are long free-response questions that require about 23 minutes each to answer and are worth 10 …

General Notes About 2019 AP Physics Scoring Guidelines 1. The solutions contain the most common method of solving the free-response questions and the allocation of ... 3. Generally, double penalty for errors is avoided. For example, if an incorrect answer to part (a) is correctly substituted into an otherwise correct solution to part (b), full ...Be sure to write all your answers to the questions on the lined pages following each question in the booklet with the pink cover. Do NOT write your answers on the green insert. Answer Questions 1, 2, and 3. The Section II score weighting for each question is 20 percent. HF(aq) + H 2 O(l) H 3 O +(aq) + F (aq) K a = 7.2 u 10 4 1.Aug 10, 2022 · Question #1. Part. Mistakes or Misconceptions (a) Since this question part was designated as “the sig fig question,” any student who expressed their final answer by rounding to something other than three significant figures (e.g., 0.27 g or 0.2723 g) did not earn this point. 2019 AP ® CHEMISTRY FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS . GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -5-CHEMISTRY . Section II . Time—1 hour and 45 minutes . 7 Questions . YOU MAY USE YOUR CALCULATOR FOR THIS SECTION. Directions: Questions 1–3 are long free-response questions that require about 23 minutes each to answer and are worth 10 …AP ® Chemistry 2021 Free-Response Questions . Begin your response to . QUESTION 1 . on this page. CHEMISTRY . SECTION II . Time—1 hour and 45 minutes 7 Questions . YOU MAY USE YOUR CALCULATOR FOR THIS SECTION. Directions: Questions 1–3 are long free-response questions that require about 23 minutes each to answer and are worth 10 …2019 AP ® CHEMISTRY FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS . GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -5-CHEMISTRY . Section II . Time—1 hour and 45 minutes . 7 Questions . YOU MAY USE YOUR CALCULATOR FOR THIS SECTION. Directions: Questions 1–3 are long free-response questions that require about 23 minutes each to answer and are worth 10 points each.AP® CHEMISTRY 2019 SCORING GUIDELINES Question . 6 (continued) (b) Write the rate law for the decomposition of . N02(g). 1 point is earned for the correct answer. (c) Consider two possible mechanisms for the decomposition reaction. (i) Is the rate law described by mechanism I shown below consistent with the rate law you wrote in part (b)?

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These official exams come from before 2013 (when significant changes were made to the AP Chemistry curriculum), so they're formatted slightly differently from the current test. They have 75 multiple-choice questions (there are now 60) and six free-response questions (there are now seven). There are also five answer choices for each multiple ...AP® Chemistry 2009 Scoring Guidelines Form B The College Board The College Board is a not-for-profit membership association whose mission is to connect students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the association is composed of more than 5,600 schools, colleges, universities and other educational organizations.AP Chemistry 2019 Draft Answers. « AP US Government and Politics Test Effective ... 2019 AP Chemistry Free-Response Questions © 2019 The College Board. Early ...AP CHEMISTRY Scoring Guidelines | Question 1: Short-Answer 1000 100 Binding Energy (MJ/mol) Rela ti ve Nu mb er of Electr on s 10 1 0.1 1. The complete photoelectron spectrum of an unknown element is given above. (a) Draw an X above the peak that corresponds to the orbital with electrons that are, on average, closest to the nucleus. View ap-chemistry-2019-practice-exam-frq-preview.pdf from BIOLOGY 1234 at La Mirada High. ® AP Chemistry Exam 2019 SECTION II: Free Response DO NOT OPEN ...... 2019 Unit Guides for AP Chemistry; Worksheets for each lesson that fulfill the ... AP Chemistry multiple choice and free response exam since 1999. The program ...AP® CHEMISTRY 2017 SCORING GUIDELINES . Question . 2 Answer the following questions about the isomers fulminic acid and isocyanic acid. Two possible Lewis electron-dot diagrams for fulminic acid, HCNO, are shown below. .. .. H-C==N-0: H-C=N=O= (a) Explain why the diagram on the left is the better representation for the bonding in fulminic acid. AP Chemistry 2019 Draft Answers. « AP US Government and Politics Test Effective ... 2019 AP Chemistry Free-Response Questions © 2019 The College Board. Early ...2020 FRQs and ANSWERS. In 2020 the AP chemistry exam was COVID affected, and the exam was offered in an online format only, with approx. 30, different FRQs being used in various combinations in the exams. The questions that a particular teacher’s students were given were released to that individual teacher, but there were no collective ... ….

Title: 2022 AP Student Samples and Commentary - AP Chemistry FRQ 1 Author: College Board Subject: AP; Advanced Placement; ADA Keywords "AP; Advanced Placement; 2022 AP Exam Administration; Student Sample Responses; Scoring Commentary; Scoring Information; Scoring Resources; ";AP Central is the official online home for the AP Program: apcentral.collegeboard.org. Page 2. AP® CHEMISTRY. 2019 SCORING GUIDELINES. © 2019 The College Board ...AP® CHEMISTRY 2019 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 1 (continued) (c) Calculate the concentration of urea, in mol/L, in the saturated solution at 20.°C. 5.39 g H2NCONH2 x = 0.0897 mol - 60.06 g 0.0897 mol =17.9 M 0.00500 L . 1 point is earned for the correct number of moles of urea (may be implicit). 1 point is earned for the correct molarity. AP Chemistry Homework Answer Key ... Unit 1 Progress Check on AP Classroom MCQ & FRQ (Due on 8/25) Determination of Unknown AgNO3 Gravimetric Analysis Practice Problems ... 2019 AP Chemistry Practice Exam MC Answer Sheet Week 32 (April 15-19) In-Class: 2022 AP Chemistry FR ExamDr V walks you through all the strategies you need to successfully complete FRQ#3 from the 2019 AP Chemistry exam.Questions 1–3 are long free-response questions that require about 23 minutes each to answer and are worth 10 points each. Questions 4–7 are short free-response questions that require about 9 minutes each to answer and are worth 4 points each. Write your response in the space provided following each question.independent? Justify your answer. (c) Assume that, in a large population, the probability that a person will always take medicine as prescribed is 0.54. If 5 people are selected at random from the population, what is the probability that at least 4 of the people selected will always take medicine as prescribed? Support your answer. 2019 AP ®Structure of Ionic Solids. As mentioned earlier, ionic interactions can produce brittle, hard solids that have high melting points. This is due to the ions being held in a 3-D array known as a crystal lattice. The reason for this is that ions are attracted to their opposites, and so negative ions surround positive ones and vice versa.Dr V shares her tips and strategies for answering free response question #6 from the 2019 released AP Chemistry exam.AP® Chemistry 2012 Scoring Guidelines The College Board The College Board is a mission-driven not-for-profit organization that connects students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the College Board was created to expand access to higher education. Today, the membership association is Ap chemistry 2019 frq answers, In this video, Mr. Krug shows the complete solution for AP Chem 2021 FRQ free-response question #1., Questions 1–3 are long free-response questions that require about 23 minutes each to answer and are worth 10 points each. Questions 4–7 are short free-response questions that require about 9 minutes each to answer and are worth 4 points each. Write your response in the space provided following each question., The 2019 AP Chemistry scores: 5: 10.7%; 4: 16.2%; 3: 27.7%; 2: 23.6%; 1: 21.8%. 2:37 PM · Jun 20, 2019 · 70. Reposts · 17. Quotes · 93. Likes. 3. Bookmarks., AP® CHEMISTRY 2011 SCORING GUIDELINES . Question 1 . 1. Each of three beakers contains 25.0 mL of a 0.100 M solution of HCl, NH 3, or NH 4 Cl, as shown above. Each solution is at 25°C. (a) Determine the pH of the solution in beaker 1. Justify your answer. pH = -log[H +] = -log(0.100) = 1.000. 1 point is earned for the correct pH., Justify your answer. (c) Given the physical properties in the table, calculate the quantity of heat that must be absorbed to increase the temperature of a 0.105 gsample of dry HC 75 H O 3 (molar mass 138.12 g / mol) crystals from 25C° to the ... AP ® Chemistry 2022 Free-Response Questions: AP ..., Aug 10, 2022 · Question #1. Part. Mistakes or Misconceptions (a) Since this question part was designated as “the sig fig question,” any student who expressed their final answer by rounding to something other than three significant figures (e.g., 0.27 g or 0.2723 g) did not earn this point. , AP® Chemistry scores fluctuate slightly, changing by only a few percentage points in recent years. The major exception is between the 2013 and 2014 AP® Chemistry Exam. AP® Chemistry was redesigned for the 2013-2014 school year, and the exam had significantly fewer 1’s, 4’s, and 5’s and more 2’s and 3’s. Since 2014, the average AP ..., 2019 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 1 C 2 H 5 OH ( l) + 3 O 2 ( g) → 2 CO 2 ( g) + 3 H 2 O ( g) D Hcomb = −1270 kJ/mol rxn Ethanol,C 2 H 5 OH, will combust in air according to …, 2019 AP CHEMISTRY EXAM FORMAT. Thursday, May 9th (8:00 am). TIME: 3 hours 15 minutes – 90 minutes MC; 105 minutes free-response. MULTIPLE CHOICE: (50% of ..., 2019 AP Chemistry Released FRQ answers May 12, 2019 My 2019 AP Chemistry Released Exam Draft Answers & Comments appear below. The questions are here. These are DRAFT answers and may change as errors are pointed out to me, and other thoughts come to my mind., AP Chemistry Homework Answer Key ... Unit 1 Progress Check on AP Classroom MCQ & FRQ (Due on 8/25) Determination of Unknown AgNO3 Gravimetric Analysis Practice Problems ... 2019 AP Chemistry Practice Exam MC Answer Sheet Week 32 (April 15-19) In-Class: 2022 AP Chemistry FR Exam, Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1. A) Identify the hybridization of the valence orbitals of the carbon atom in the urea molecule., 1. B) Urea has a high solubility in water, due in part to its ability to form hydrogen bonds. A urea molecule and four water molecules are represented in the box below. Draw ONE dashed line to …, The AP® Chemistry exam is a 3-hour 15-minute, end-of-course test comprised of 60 multiple-choice questions, for which you will have 1 hour and 30 minutes (this counts for 50% of your score) and 7 free-response questions, for which you will have 1 hour and 45 minutes (this counts for 50% of your score)., 2019 AP Chem FRQ #2Part (a) 00:01Part (b) 02:19Part (c) 06:19Part (d) 10:20 Part (e) 12:27Part (f) 14:04Part (g) 18:442. Answer the following questions relat..., Note: Some questions and scoring guidelines from the 2023 and earlier AP U.S. Government and Politics Exams may not perfectly align with the course and exam updates that take effect in the 2023-24 school year. These questions remain available because teachers say that imperfectly aligned questions still provide instructional value., Each year, the College Board serves seven million students and their parents, 23,000 high schools, and 3,500 colleges through major programs and services in college admissions, guidance, ... 12. Show all 10000 documents... Top PDF ap-chemistry-2019-exam-frq-scoring-guidelines.pdf were compiled by 1Library., Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. AP Exams are regularly updated to align with best practices in college-level learning. Not all free-response questions on this page reflect the current exam, but the question types and the topics are ..., 2021 AP Exam Administration Scoring Guidelines - AP Chemistry College Board Advanced Placement; AP; 2021 ; AP Exam Administration ; Scoring Guidelines; scoring information; free-response scoring criteria; scoring resources; FRQ; teacher resources; exam information; ADA , independent? Justify your answer. (c) Assume that, in a large population, the probability that a person will always take medicine as prescribed is 0.54. If 5 people are selected at random from the population, what is the probability that at least 4 of the people selected will always take medicine as prescribed? Support your answer. 2019 AP ®, General Notes About 2019 AP Physics Scoring Guidelines 1. The solutions contain the most common method of solving the free-response questions and the allocation of ... 3. Generally, double penalty for errors is avoided. For example, if an incorrect answer to part (a) is correctly substituted into an otherwise correct solution to part (b), full ..., AP ® Chemistry 2021 Free-Response Questions . Begin your response to . QUESTION 1 . on this page. CHEMISTRY . SECTION II . Time—1 hour and 45 minutes 7 Questions . YOU MAY USE YOUR CALCULATOR FOR THIS SECTION. Directions: Questions 1–3 are long free-response questions that require about 23 minutes each to answer and are worth 10 …, AP® Chemistry 2006 Free-Response Questions The College Board: Connecting Students to College Success ... Answer the following questions that relate to solubility of salts of lead and barium. (a) A saturated solution is prepared by adding excess PbI 2 (s) to distilled water to form 1.0 L of solution at 25°C., AP Classroom Question Bank is a powerful online resource that allows you to create customized practice tests for your AP Chemistry students. You can choose from thousands of questions aligned to the course and exam framework, adjust the difficulty level, and add your own feedback. AP Classroom Question Bank helps you prepare your students for the AP Chemistry exam with confidence and ease., Free-Response Questions. Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at ssd@info ..., AP chem test 2019. The rate between CaCO3 and CH3COOH is determined by measuring the volume of gas generated at 22 C and 1 atm as a function of time. Which of the following experimental conditions is most likely to increase the rate of gas production? D) Decreasing the particle size of the CaCO3 by grinding it into a fine powder. , AP® CHEMISTRY 2015 FRQ ANSWERS (submitted by Michael Farabaugh on 05/07/15) Question 5 The order of the reaction with respect to the blue food coloring is first order. This is a first-order reaction. The half-life (time required for half of the sample to decay) is a constant value. By increasing the initial concentration of the food, For the correct answer and a valid justification: Yes (consistent). Because the acid is soluble in water, some crystals may dissolve during ... AP Chemistry College Board; Advanced Placement "2022 AP Exam Administration; Scoring Guidelines; AP; Advanced Placement; exam resources; scoring information; scoring resources; teacher resources; exam ..., This work is not endorsed by the College Board. It is my own personal interpretation.Link to a blank Test file: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1S8fp59jBKfSv..., CHEMISTRY . Section II 7 Questions . Time—90 minutes YOU MAY USE YOUR CALCULATOR FOR THIS SECTION. Directions: Questions 1–3 are long free-response questions that require about 20 minutes each to answer and are worth 10 points each. Questions 4–7 are short free-response questions that require about 7 minutes each to …, AP® CHEMISTRY 2019 SCORING GUIDELINES Question . 3 A student is given 50.0 mL of a solution of Na2C03 of unknown concentration. To determine the concentration of the solution, the student mixes the solution with excess 1.0 M Ca(N03h(aq), causing a precipitate to form. The balanced equation for the reaction is shown below. , Dr V walks you through all the strategies you need to successfully complete FRQ#3 from the 2019 AP Chemistry exam., AP MCQ ARCHIVE. Here you’ll find links to the released MCQs from previous AP Chemistry exams. Here’s the FRQ Archive page. Other MC exams have been released by the College Board, but they are considered ‘secure’ (yes I know that’s naive and hilarious) so they are not linked. Links to complete exams are to external content that I do ... , AP Chemistry 2019 Free Response Questions - Complete Paper (pdf) 2019 AP Chemistry Free Response #1 Answers. The compound urea, H 2 NCONH 2 , is widely used in chemical fertilizers. The complete Lewis electron-dot diagram for the urea molecule is shown above. (a) Identify the hybridization of the valence orbitals of the carbon atom in the urea ...